拉里·罗曼诺夫：美国生物武器纵览

江山一笼统

学如春冰积不高2020-03-15 22:38

美国生物武器纵览

Biological Weapons: A Useful and Timely Factual Overview

拉里·罗曼诺夫

Larry Romanoff

https://www.globalresearch.ca/biological-weapons-useful-timely-factual-overview/5702842

美国政府与其许多部门，以及教育和卫生机构，几十年来一直在对生物战开展紧张且密集的研究，在这些研究中有许多案例集中关注与特定种族相关的病原体。

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The US government and its many agencies and educational and health institutions, have for many decades conducted intensive research into biological warfare, in many cases strongly focused on race-specific pathogens.

美国国防部曾在给国会的一份报告中披露，其生成人工病原体的计划包括：修改非致命性病毒以使其具有致命性；以及实施基因工程以改变病原体的免疫特性，从而使之无法进行治疗和预防接种。这份军方报告承认，在那个时候它既已运营约130个生物武器研究设施，其中几十所设在美国大学，而其余部分设于国际上其他美国国会权限和法院管辖权无法达到的地方。

In a report to the US Congress, the Department of Defense revealed that its program of creating artificial biological agents included modifying non-fatal viruses to make them lethal, and genetic engineering to alter the immunology of biological agents to make treatment and vaccinations impossible. The military report admitted that at the time it operated about 130 bio-weapons research facilities, dozens at US universities and others at many international sites outside the purview of the US Congress and the jurisdiction of the courts.

这个情况很长时间都不是秘密。在五角大楼生物战委员会1948年的一份机密报告中，甚至凸出以下这个主要卖点：

This knowledge hasn’t been a secret for a long time. In a classified 1948 report by the Pentagon’s Committee on Biological Warfare, the main selling point was that:

“只要一声枪响或者炮响，就会使人们确信有蓄意攻击的发生。然而如果……在一个人潮汹涌的城市出现了一场凌厉的疫情，那就无法确知是否有人在发动攻击了，更不用说明确是谁”；再者（我们）还有希望做到，只用非常少量的病原体就可以“杀死所选目标区域内的相当一部分人口，或者使其致残”。（注释1）（注释2）

“A gun or a bomb leaves no doubt that a deliberate attack has occurred. But if … an epidemic slashes across a crowded city, there is no way of knowing whether anyone attacked, much less who”, adding hopefully that “A significant portion of the human population within selected target areas may be killed or incapacitated” with only very small amounts of a pathogen. (1) (2)

一本1956年的《美国陆军作战手册》明确指出：生物战和化学战是美国军事战略不可或缺的作战内容，对此没有任何限制，而且国会还已授权军方可以使用之进行“先发制人式的打击”。1959年，美国国会试图取消这一利用生物战和化学战进行先发制人式打击的授权，然而这一企图被白宫阻挠成功，生化武器支出甚至从7500万美元进一步增加至近3.5亿美元。在1960年代初期，这可是一笔巨额资金。（注释3）

A US Army operating manual from 1956 stated explicitly that biological and chemical warfare were an integral operating portion of US military strategy, were not restricted in any way, and that Congress had given the military “First Strike” authority on their use. In 1959, an attempt by Congress to remove this first-strike authority was defeated by the White House and bio-chemical weapons expenditures increased from $75 million to almost $350 million. That was an enormous amount of money in the early 1960s. (3)

美国国防部长罗伯特·麦克纳马拉（Robert McNamara）在1960年代执行了150项绝密生物武器计划，对不明就里的平民——有时是外国平民，但通常更多是美国平民——进行各种生物武器实验和野外测试。麦克纳马拉命令参谋长联席会议，依据一项能够产生总体“生化威慑能力”的配套计划，“考虑”对敌对国家使用这些病原体的“一切可能”。该项配套计划既包括对成本的估算，也包括“对国际政治后果的评估”。（注释4）（注释5）

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US Defense Secretary Robert McNamara (image on the right) executed 150 top-secret bio-weapons programs in the 1960s, performing bio-weapons experiments and field tests on an unwitting public, sometimes in foreign countries but most often against American citizens. McNamara ordered the Joint Chiefs of Staff “to consider all possible applications” of these agents against enemy nations in a coherent plan for a total “biological and chemical deterrent capability”, the plan to include cost estimates and an “appraisal of international political consequences”. (4) (5)

2000年，“新美国世纪计划”组织（注释6）（注释7）发表了一份题为《重建美国防务》的报告，为美国拟订了一个极端且好战的右翼政策目标。该组织这份报告自称是一版“维护美国全球显赫地位……以及根据美国原则和美国利益塑造国际安全秩序的蓝图。”这份报告的作者们——其种族灭绝心态显而易见——宣称：

In the year 2000, The Project for the New American Century (6) (7) produced a report titled, “Rebuilding America’s Defenses”, which contained a radical and belligerent Right-Wing policy ambition for America. Their report called itself a “blueprint for maintaining global US preeminence … and shaping the international security order in line with American principles and interests.” The authors, their genocidal mentality obvious, stated:

“高级形式的生物战能够‘瞄准’特定的基因型，它可能会将生物战改造成为……一种在政治上极为有用的工具。”

“Advanced forms of biological warfare that can ‘target’ specific genotypes may transform biological warfare … to a politically useful tool.”

位于马里兰州迪特里克堡的“美国陆军传染病医学研究所”，是军方开展生物战研究的主要设施。其占地80,000平方米。到1980年代中期，迪特里克堡的这个生物武器部门每年收到近1亿美元资金，这只是全豹之一斑。

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The US Army’s Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort Detrick, Maryland is the military’s main facility for research on biological warfare. It comprises 80,000 m². By the mid-1980s, this bio-weapons section of Fort Detrick was receiving nearly $100 million per year, and this was only one of many sections.

当日本侵略中国时，（731部队的）石井博士取得了巨大成功：他研制出各种方法以大量生产感染了鼠疫和其他致命性病原体的跳蚤和虱子，从而便于在大量平民中间散布。这就是美国掌握昆虫武器化方法的途径所在。美国通过纽约州普拉姆岛秘密细菌实验室对感染莱姆病的跳蚤进行繁殖和传播，从而实现了对昆虫的武器化。这也是美国在中国和北朝鲜繁殖和传播感染霍乱和黄热病的蚊子和跳蚤的计划的起源，更不用说美国对其本国人民带来巨大伤害的在其国内执行的蚊子计划了。

When Japan invaded China, one of Dr. Ishii’s (unit 731) grand successes was to develop methods of mass-producing fleas and ticks infected with the plague and other lethal pathogens for distribution among civilian populations – which is how the Americans learned to weaponise insects – to breed and disseminate ticks infested with Lyme Disease from their secret Plum Island Germ Laboratory in New York State. This was also the source of the US programs of breeding and disseminating mosquitoes and fleas infected with cholera and Yellow Fever in China and North Korea, to say nothing of the domestic mosquito programs the US inflicted on its own people.

在石井人体研究的基础上，美国军方研制出了一种昆虫战设施，他们最初计划使用昆虫生物武器去攻击俄罗斯和苏联。该设施的设计目标是每月生产1亿只感染黄热病的蚊子。为检测其产量，军方在美国广大地区投放了被感染的蚊子和其他昆虫，利用了不明真相的美国平民。按照美国军方一贯做法，这些开始于1950和1960年代的项目都采用某个青少年流行字汇作为名称，比如“Project Big Buzz”、“Project Big Itch”以及“Operation Mayday”等（注释8）（注释9）（注释10），（虽然听起来很萌）但其均指以下这类可行性实验，即：生产数十亿只昆虫，接着用致命性病原体将之感染，继而又将其运进军需库，然后通过飞机甚至导弹把它散布到俄罗斯各地。

Founded on Ishii’s human research, the US military developed an entomological (insect) warfare facility, and initially prepared plans to attack Russia and the Soviet States with entomological bio-weapons. The facility was designed to produce 100 million yellow fever-infected mosquitoes per month, its output tested on unwitting American civilians by dropping infected mosquitoes and other insects over large portions of the US. As is so typical for the US military, these projects beginning in the 1950s and 1960s were given juvenile appellations like “Project Big Buzz” and “Project Big Itch” and “Operation Mayday” (8) (9) (10), but were tests of the feasibility of producing billions of insects, infecting them with lethal pathogens, then loading them into munitions and dispersing them over Russia from aircraft or even missiles.

在1981年3月美国陆军的一份报告中，一位作者特别提到：“面对一张‘亡费比’简表你会惊叹不已，因为对一座城市发起一场黄热病蚊子攻击，其所费竟然如此之少！”——因一枚VX神经毒气弹意外泄露而导致的道格威6000只绵羊一夕死亡事件，其之所以引人瞩目原因亦然。（注释11）

From a US Army report from March of 1981, one writer noted that “you can marvel at how much (or how little) it would have cost to launch a yellow fever-infected mosquito attack on a city – with a handy “Cost per Death” chart included!.” The Dugway Sheep incident is worth attention as well. (11)

之后，我们美国实施了所谓“落地踢行动”（Operation Drop Kick）（注释12），其设计目标是对不同地理区域投放致病昆虫的不同方式进行实验。这个实验遍及美国大陆的许多地方，大部分东海岸都包括在内。我们还执行了“SHAD计划”（即所谓“船舶危害与防御”计划）。然后，直到2000年，我们有了“巴克斯计划”（也即所谓“酒神计划”），该计划旨在确定在国外建立炭疽生产设施同时不被发现的可行性。除此之外当然还有其他许多计划，它们的名字虽然看起来都很蠢，但其目的都是在评估被感染昆虫和其他致命性病原体在大量平民中间传播的效果。由于它们在美国国内法中都是非法的，更由于它们不仅违反了国际法而且还违反了美国与其他怀有诚意的国家所签订的许多武器条约，因此它们都处于保密状态。

Then we had “Operation Drop Kick” (12), designed to test various ways of dispersing infected insects over large geographical areas, the tests carried out over various parts of the continental US, including most of the East Coast. We had “Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense). Then, as late as 2000, we had “Project Bacchus” designed to determine the feasibility of constructing an anthrax production facility in a foreign country while remaining undetected. There were other of these programs of course, all with foolish names and all designed to assess the dissemination of infected insects and other lethal pathogens into civilian populations. They were kept very secret since they were illegal in domestic law and contravened international law and many weapons treaties that other nations signed with the US in good faith.

拓展阅读：生物武器的地缘政治布局

除迪特里克堡外，美国军方还在印第安纳州维戈县设有一家生物武器军械厂。这是一家专业从事病原体制造的大型生产设施，其每月能够生产27.5万枚装有肉毒杆菌的炸弹，或100万枚炭疽炸弹。据报道，维戈的储存罐其容量可达25万加仑或约100万，这使它成为迄今为止世界上最大的细菌大规模生产设施。

In addition to Fort Detrick, the US military has a bio-weapons ordnance plant at Vigo, Indiana, which was a massive production facility that specialised in biological pathogens, and capable of producing 275,000 bombs containing Botulinum or one million anthrax bombs per month. The fermenter tanks at Vigo contained 250,000 gallons, or about one million liters, making it, according to reports, by far the largest bacterial mass-production facility in the world.

这不是最近才发展起来的。维戈在第二次世界大战期间全面运转，基本上已成为一家生物炭疽工厂，其第一批订单是1944年温斯顿·丘吉尔订购的50万枚炭疽炸弹，当时丘吉尔宣称这只是“第一批订货”。维戈最后作为“抗生素生产企业”被移交给辉瑞公司，并在1950年代中期被采用当时最先进技术的“松树崖兵工厂”（the Pine Bluff Arsenal）所取代。（注释13）（注释14）（注释15）

This was not a recent development; Vigo was fully operational during the Second World War, essentially a bio-anthrax factory, one of its first orders being from Winston Churchill in 1944 for 500,000 anthrax bombs, and which Churchill stated should be considered only the “first installment”. Vigo was eventually turned over to Pfizer for “antibiotics manufacture” and was replaced in the mid-1950s by a new state of the art facility at the Pine Bluff Arsenal. (13) (14) (15)

2005年9月24日《每日新闻》有一篇文章，其详细报道了美国陆军批量采购炭疽的计划。该文述及阳光项目（ the Sunshine Project）负责人爱德华·哈蒙德所发现的一系列由犹他州军方道格威试验场发出的合同，这些合同要求多家公司参加招标以生产大量炭疽病菌，以及“大量”其他生物病原体。有一份合同明确规定，招标公司“必须有能力且有意愿生产达1500升的（炭疽）”，并且还“必须能够分批次生产3000升的”其他未明确指定的生物病原体。（注释16）（注释17）

The Daily News published an article on 24 September 2005, in which it detailed US Army plans for bulk purchases of anthrax, relating a series of contracts that had been discovered by Edward Hammond, director of the Sunshine Project, which emanated from the military’s Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. These notices asked various companies to tender for the production of bulk quantities of anthrax, as well as to produce “significant volumes” of other biological agents. One contract specified that the tendering company “must have the ability and be willing to grow (anthrax) in 1,500-litre quantities”, and “must also be able to produce 3,000-litre batches” of unspecified other biological agents. (16) (17)

一个国家的军事部门正在生产数以百万升计的致命性生物病原体，这时就该停止假装我们没有从事生物战了。军方即使声称这些病原体都是一些“无害的”菌株，那也不能使人感到任何宽慰。原因在于：（1）任何有能力生产良性病原体的设施，都很容易生产出致命性病原体；（2）根本没有所谓“无害的”炭疽这种东西。

When a nation’s military is producing lethal biological pathogens in quantities of millions of liters, it is time to stop pretending we are not engaged in biological warfare. It is of no comfort that the military might claim these to be “harmless” strains of pathogens, since (1) any facility capable of producing benign pathogens can easily produce lethal varieties and (2) there is no such thing as ‘harmless’ anthrax.

在防御性和进攻性生物战计划之间，根本没有任何实质性区别，即使一个傻瓜也不能一边生产数百万升炭疽一边声称“自卫”。甚至美国政府问责办公室也在其有关这些计划的1994年报告中指出：“美国军方生物防御计划”包含“好几十个部门、科室、研究小组、生物情报处等等，在任何意义上都绝不可能全和‘防御’有关”，它们在本质上属于好战和进攻性的军事计划。不过我们虽然可以确信美国“从未使用过生物武器”，但是也正是同一批人他们同时投标炭疽及其他“病原体”合同，该合同分多批次总量计3000升。在美国，即使在官方军事医学教科书中，也不可能没有这种欲盖弥彰式的宣传。

There is no material difference between a defensive and an offensive biowarfare program, and even fools cannot claim “self-defense” when producing millions of liters of anthrax. Even the US Government Accountability Office, in its 1994 report on these programs, stated that US military’s Biological Defense Program contained “scores of divisions, departments, research groups, bio-intelligence and more, by no means all related to “‘defense’ in any sense”, and were by nature belligerent and offensive military programs. We are nevertheless assured that the US “has never used biological weapons”, by the same people who were simultaneously tendering contracts for the production of anthrax and other “pathogens” in multiple batches of 3,000 liters. Dissembling propaganda is impossible to avoid in America, even in official military medical textbooks.

除迪特里克堡外，美国军方专门为研制生物武器还建有其他场所和设施，其中就有密西西比州的合恩岛实验站以及纽约州普拉姆岛的细菌实验室，前者本来打算作为主要的生物武器试验场，而后者——军方正是从这里向这个区域的一半人口传播了莱姆病。

There were other sites and facilities besides Fort Detrick that were constructed by the US military solely for the development of bio-weapons, including the Horn Island Testing Station in Mississippi which was meant to be the primary bio-weapons testing site, and the Plum Island Germ Laboratory in New York State from which the military spread Lyme Disease among half the area population.

普拉姆岛一部分设施专门用于研制和测试致命性动物病原体，这些病原体可能对敌国的食品供应造成毁灭——正如美国试图在北朝鲜所做的那样。致命性的口蹄疫菌株是这项研究的成果之一，美国人后来与其在英国波顿当（Porton Down）的变态伙伴进行了分享——而后者对此成果利用得很好。普拉姆岛另一部分设施用于研制、测试和生产装有所谓“植物酸杀手”的炸弹，它可以破坏谷类植物及小麦和玉米，乃至大多数种植蔬菜。我强烈怀疑最近发生的许多禽流感和猪流感疫情都源于普拉姆岛上所生产的那些病原体。

One portion of the Plum Island facility was designed exclusively to develop and test lethal animal pathogens that could destroy an enemy nation’s food supply – as the US attempted to do in North Korea. Deadly strains of foot-and-mouth disease were one result of this research, which the Americans later shared with their fellow psychopaths at Porton Down in the UK – who put it to good use. An additional portion was the development, testing and production of bombs containing what was called a “vegetable killer acid”, and which could destroy cereals, grains, and most cultivated vegetable crops. I have a strong suspicion that many of the recent bird flu and swine flu epidemics originated from pathogens created at Plum Island.

由美国军医处出版的题为《生物战医学面面观》（Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare，2007版）的教科书承认，（美国军方）兴建了“位于阿肯色州松树崖的大规模生产设施”，该设施包含拥有“先进实验室……（以及）能够实现微生物大规模发酵、浓缩、储存和武器化的各种措施”的全新工厂。

The textbook titled, Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare (2007), published by the US military’s Surgeon-General, admits to the establishment of “a large-scale production facility in Pine Bluff, Arkansas”, with the new plant featuring “advanced laboratory … measures enabling large-scale fermentation, concentration, storage, and weaponisation of microorganisms”.

这本教科书还承认，到1951年，美国已经生产出其第一批生物武器、反作物炸弹以及“人员杀伤”武器，而且对它们都实现了“武器化和可储存化”。该书还说，中央情报局已经为秘密行动独立“研制出了使用包括眼镜蛇毒和石房蛤毒素在内的毒素武器”，但不幸的是，“关于（这些毒素武器）研制和部署的所有记录在1972年遭到毁坏”，其时这些资料刚刚解密。（注释18）

And it does also admit that by 1951, the US had produced its first biological weapons, anti-crop bombs, and “antipersonnel” munitions, having “weaponised and stockpiled” all these. It adds that the CIA had independently “developed weapons using toxins including cobra venom and saxitoxin for covert operations”, but that unfortunately “all records regarding their development and deployment were destroyed in 1972” when the information became public. (18)

美国军方还曾试图将性病武器化，结果导致危地马拉梅毒项目之类悲剧的发生，他们在危地马拉使数千人受到感染，然后任其自生自灭。尽管承认罪行，但在官方叙述里却顽固坚持这样一种说法，即：出于慈善目的才进行这些药物试验——而实际是数千人遭到明确拒绝，并没有被给予那些本可以挽救其生命的药物。（注释19）

And the US military has tried to weaponise venereal diseases, leading to travesties like the Guatemala Syphilis project, where they infected thousands then left them to die. The official narrative, while admitting the criminality, stubbornly adheres to the tale of a charitable purpose of testing medications – for thousands who were specifically denied the medicines that would have saved their lives. (19)

美国军方如此胆大妄为，这不仅表现在它试图找到毁灭人类种族的生物手段，而且表现在它对毁灭人类种族粮食供应的方法怀有同等兴趣。相应地，对其曾经（至少）几十次散播能够使作物和植物感染毁灭性疾病的病原体，它也有过坦白。这些病原体是其在实验摧毁一个敌国的全部食用植物生命的手段时散播出去的。2012年，日本媒体揭露，美国政府曾于1960年代和1970年代初期在冲绳和台湾实验了经过基因工程改造的、专门用于作物杀灭的生物武器，同时美国军方也在美国大陆内部对其中一部分进行过实验。这些生物武器也被用于越南。橙剂从来不像所宣称的那样作为落叶剂来作用，相反研制它的目的就是要摧毁越南的全部稻谷作物，以及最大限度对土壤造成污染以防止作物重新生长。

The US military appears desperate not only to find biological ways to kill nations of people, but is equally interested in methods of destroying their food supply. Accordingly, it also confessed to another several dozen (at least) occasions where devastating crop and plant disease agents had been released, in experiments to test methods of destroying the entire food plant life of an enemy nation. In 2012, Japanese media revealed that the United States government had tested specific, DNA-engineered crop-killing bioweapons in Okinawa and Taiwan during the 1960s and early 1970s, and that the US military tested some of these within the continental US as well. They were also applied in Vietnam. The purpose of Agent Orange was never as a defoliant as claimed, but developed instead to destroy Vietnam’s entire rice crops and to sufficiently contaminate the soil to prevent re-growth.

This text is Part I of a 3 Part article.

Part II The Geopolitics of Biological Weapons

Part III Genetically Modified Seeds: Conceived as a Weapon*

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作者介绍：拉里·罗曼诺夫是一位已退休的管理咨询师和商务人士。他曾在国际咨询公司担任高级行政职务，并且拥有自己的国际进出口业务。他是上海复旦大学的客座教授，为高级EMBA班开设国际事务案例研究课程。罗曼诺夫先生现在生活于上海，正在撰写一套十本主要关于中国和西方的著作。人们可以通过2186604556@qq.com与他联系。他经常为Global Research撰稿。

Larry Romanoff is a retired management consultant and businessman. He has held senior executive positions in international consulting firms, and owned an international import-export business. He has been a visiting professor at Shanghai’s Fudan University, presenting case studies in international affairs to senior EMBA classes. Mr. Romanoff lives in Shanghai and is currently writing a series of ten books generally related to China and the West. He can be contacted at: 2186604556@qq.com. He is a frequent contributor to Global Research.

Notes

(1) www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/archives/collections/cbw-1941-1948.html

(2) https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-08-01-0408010004-story.html

(3)https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/misc/doctrine/CDG/cdg_resources/manuals/fm/fm27_10.pdf

(4) http://archive.vva.org/archive/TheVeteran/2006_03/featureSHAD.htm

(5) https://rielpolitik.com/2016/08/07/cover-up-project-shad-deception-in-open-waters/

(6) https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00010308

(7) https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Project_for_the_New_American_Century

(8) https://blackthen.com/operation-big-itch-operation-drop-kick-fleas-infected-mosquitoes-dropped-black-towns/

(9) https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Operation_Big_Itch

(10) http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/operation_may_day

(11) https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Dugway_sheep_incident (This article has many useful references)