联合国强迫失踪问题委员会今天的这份报告,看上去确实有点离谱
事情的前因大家可以看站里的这篇报道。
相关链接:《联合国强迫失踪问题委员会:哥伦比亚一机库发现约2万具身份不明的尸体》
由于数字实在是过于离谱,我到联合国强迫失踪问题委员会的官网上去找了这份报告的原文。
首先这里先给大家简单说一下,根据该委员会官网上的定义,所谓的强迫失踪一般被认为是国家机构或在国家授权、支持或默许下行事的个人或群体实施的逮捕、拘留、绑架或任何其他形式的剥夺自由行为,并且拒绝承认剥夺自由或隐瞒失踪者的命运或下落,将有关人员置于法律保护之外。
该行为一般具备以下三个要素:
1. 违背个人意愿剥夺自由;
2. 涉及政府官员,至少是默许形式;
3. 拒绝承认剥夺自由或隐瞒失踪人员的命运或下落。
回到强迫失踪问题委员会的今天的这份报告,按照报告的说法,委员会代表团是在2024年11月21日至12月5日期间访问的哥伦比亚。在这段时间里,代表团会见了哥伦比亚各个地方共计80 个当局,其中会见的人员包括司法部长、总检察长、监察员、受害者和民间社会组织。
A delegation set up by the Committee visited Colombia from 21 November to 5 December. During its mission, the delegation met with 80 authorities, including the Minister of Justice, the Attorney General, the Ombudsman, victims, and civil society organizations in Bogotá, Cali, Cúcuta, Medellín, Santa Marta and Villavicencio. The delegation visited five detention centres and accompanied operations in cemeteries overflowed with unidentified bodies, and in a crematorium.
委员会成立的代表团于11月21日至12月5日访问了哥伦比亚。在访问期间,代表团会见了波哥大、卡利、库库塔、麦德林、圣玛尔塔和比亚维森西奥的80个当地政府机构,会见的人物包括司法部长、总检察长、监察员、受害者和民间社会组织。代表团还访问了五个拘留中心,并陪同参加了在堆满无名尸体的墓地和火葬场的行动。
报告中还提到虽然哥伦比亚的强迫失踪问题起始于20世纪40年代,但时至今日这样的事情仍在哥伦比亚各地不断上演。失踪人员包括儿童和青少年、社会领袖、移民、记者、复员战斗人员和教师等等。
并且,因为当地法律和制度的繁琐以及实际操作时的协调不力,很多强迫失踪的人员的家属在遇到这种情况是孤立无援,寻找失踪人口的相关工作也难以展开。
“Although enforced disappearances started in Colombia around the 1940s, they are not just a crime of the past. They continue to occur daily across the country in diverse circumstances,” said the delegation.
“尽管哥伦比亚的强迫失踪始于 20 世纪 40 年代,但类似的罪行时至今日仍然在哥伦比亚全国各地以各种不同的情况每天发生”代表团表示。
The delegation’s preliminary findings painted a grim picture. Enforced disappearance spans all age groups and demographics, affecting children and adolescents, social leaders, migrants, journalists, demobilised combatants, and teachers, among others. Cases of forced recruitment, human trafficking, forced displacement and migration, as well as disappearances linked to social protests, are particularly alarming.
代表团的初步调查结果描绘了一幅严峻的画面。强迫失踪涉及所有年龄组和人口统计数据,影响儿童和青少年、社会领袖、移民、记者、复员战斗人员和教师等。而强迫招募、人口贩运、强迫流离失所和移民以及与社会抗议有关的失踪案件尤其令人震惊。
Families of disappeared people often face insurmountable barriers when seeking help due to the complex legal and institutional framework. One victim shared the frustration with the delegation, “We don’t know where to turn. We lack the information and knowledge necessary to exercise our rights. The authorities frequently provide confused answers, and it appears that they do not want to discuss our situation. We’re tossed between institutions, with no end in sight.”
由于复杂的法律和制度框架,失踪人员的家人在寻求帮助时往往面临难以逾越的障碍。一名受害者向代表团分享了他们的困难,“我们不知道该向谁求助。我们缺乏行使权利所需的信息和知识。当局经常给出含糊不清的答案,而且他们似乎不想讨论我们的处境。我们被抛在机构之间,完全不知道该怎么办。”
The institutional landscape is highly fragmented, with overlapping mandates and ineffective coordination. Entities like the National Search Commission, the National Search System, and the Unit for the Search for Disappeared Persons for example, share duplicated mandates. It is estimated that if one of these units initiates a search process with a plan to coordinate with all other agencies, it would have to coordinate with around 60 other national and territorial authorities.
令人沮丧的是,机构的格局高度分散,任务重叠且协调不力。例如,国家搜寻委员会、国家搜寻系统和失踪人员搜寻单位等实体的任务是重复的。据估计,如果其中一个单位启动搜寻程序,并计划与所有其他机构协调,它将不得不与大约 60 个其他国家和领土当局协调。
To make the situation worse, these institutions often work in silos, leaving victims caught in bureaucratic dead ends. Officials admitted that coordination meetings, while numerous, rarely result in concrete action. “We meet, and we meet more,” one official told the delegation. “But there are so many roundtables that we’re left with two options: not to go, or not to do our basic work.”
更糟糕的是,这些机构往往各自为政,让受害者陷入官僚主义的死胡同。官员们承认,协调会议虽然很多,但很少产生具体行动。“我们开会,而且开会次数越来越多,”一位官员告诉代表团。“但圆桌会议太多了,我们只剩下两个选择:不去,或者放下手头的日常工作。”
更加要命的是,哥伦比亚当局缺少一个可靠的失踪人员登记处,代表团从当局获得的失踪人员人数在98000人到200000人不等。而这些记录这些数字的相关机构因为害怕遭到武装团体或者是犯罪集团的报复,所以其数据的真实性无法进行详细取证。
The absence of a centralized and reliable registry of disappeared individuals compounds the problem. Figures reported to the Committee range from 98,000 to 200,000. The discrepancies between institutional records make it impossible to determine the true scope. Fear of reprisals and lack of confidence in the authorities further discourage reporting, particularly in areas controlled by armed groups and organized crime. Victims from marginalized communities, such as migrants, people with disabilities, Indigenous peoples, Afro-descendants, and LGBTQ+ individuals, face additional geographical language and other discriminatory obstacles.
缺乏一个集中可靠的失踪人员登记处使问题更加严重。当地机构向委员会报告的数字从98,000到200,000不等。机构记录之间的差异使得无法确定真实范围。害怕报复和对当局缺乏信心进一步阻碍了举报,特别是在武装团体和有组织犯罪控制的地区。来自边缘化社区的受害者,如移民、残疾人、土著人民、非洲裔和 LGBTQ+ 人士,面临着额外的地理语言和其他歧视性障碍。
最后便是和这次报道有关的问题了,报告声称有很多尸体都躺在管理不善的墓地和设施中,其中就包括这次报道中提到的哥伦比亚首都波哥大埃尔多拉多国际机场,委员会在其中的一个机库中发现了20000具无名尸体。(是的原文真的是这个数字)
housands of unidentified bodies lie in poorly managed cemeteries or storage facilities, such as a hangar at Bogotá airport where around 20,000 unidentified bodies are currently stored.
数以千计的无名尸体躺在管理不善的墓地或储存设施中,例如波哥大机场的一个机库,目前约有 20,000 具无名尸体存放在那里。
所以这么看下来,在机场机仓里堆20000多具尸体,在哥伦比亚好像并不是什么特别离谱的操作啊?