为什么英国政府选择将英国铁路私有化而不像其他国家那样将其国有化？

【来源龙腾网】

评论原创翻译：

Nicholas Stone

A succession of UK governments have variously nationalised and privatised British railways.

历届英国政府在不同时间采取了国有化和私有化的方式对英国的铁路进行管理。

In 1914, the UK government took control of railways. After the 1921 government reform, there was nationalisation 1947. Another programme of nationalisation began in 2014 with Network Rail and was completed in 2020, when all remaining private passenger franchise were scrapped.

1914年，英国政府接管了铁路。在1921年的政府改革后，于1947年进行了一次国有化。2014年，英国政府开始了一项以网络铁路为核心的国企国有化计划，并于2020年完成，取消了所有剩余的私营客运特许经营权。

原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

The UK government chose to privatise the railways in 1923, as enacted by the Railways Act 1921. Privatisation with four regional operators was the government’s preferred policy, with concerns that existing nationalisation was leading to poor management. The UK government undertook a second privatisation in 1994, because ministers thought that commercial input would lead to cost reduction and better use of assets.

英国政府选择在1923年进行铁路私有化，这一决定由1921年的铁路法案实施。政府倾向于通过四家地区运营商进行私有化，原因是担心现有的国有化形式导致管理不善。英国政府在1994年进行了第二次私有化，因为政府认为商业参与可以降低成本并更好地利用资产。

The big four were the privatised railway companies created by the UK government in 1923, after nine years of nationalisation. These companies existed until 1947, when the railway were again nationalised.

四大铁路公司是英国政府在经历了9年的国有化后，于1923年创建的私有化铁路公司。这些公司一直存在到1947年，当时铁路再次国有化。

The second period UK rail privatisation between 1994–2014 has been a dead loss. Private companies botched their finances and were nationalised. The Covid pandemic rendered the entire privatisation model as unworkable. Railtrack cost overruns bankrupted the company in 2000.

1994年至2014年之间的第二阶段英国铁路私有化失败了。私人公司搞砸了它们的财务状况，最终被国有化。新冠疫情使整个私有化模式不可行。2000年，Railtrack铁路的成本超支导致该公司破产。

Overlooked is the parallel and failed bus deregulation launched by government in 1985. Another dead loss with rising ticket prices, needless duplication, poor passenger wayfinding, a focus on profitable trunk routes, complex fares, incoherent service provision, and falling passenger numbers outside London. This failed bus deregulation was scrapped and is being replaces with a nationwide fares cap in England, more local authority control, unified timetables and improve passenger wayfinding. On this, Cornwall, Greater Manchester and Greater London are leading the way.

被忽视的是政府在1985年启动的平行且失败的公交车放权。这也是一个彻底失利，票价上涨、重复运营、乘客导向不佳、关注利润丰厚的干线路线、复杂的票价、无条理的服务提供和伦敦以外的乘客数量下降。这个失败的公交车放权计划被取消，正在用英格兰全国范围内的票价上限、更多地方政府控制、统一时刻表和改善乘客导向来替代。在这方面，康沃尔、大曼彻斯特和大伦敦正在带头。

Philip Collins

The UK railway companies weren’t nationalised in 1914. Using powers granted to the government by the Regulation of the Forces Act 1871, the Railway Executive Committee took control of the national rail network on 4 August 1914, the day that war was declared and mobilisation began. The Railway Executive Committee (REC) had been formed in 1912 to act as an intermediary between the War Office and the various British railway companies.

英国铁路公司并没有在1914年进行国有化。根据《1871年军队管理法》所授予的权力，铁路执行委员会于1914年8月4日，即宣布战争并开始动员的那一天，接管了国家铁路网络。铁路执行委员会（REC）成立于1912年，旨在充当英国战争部和各大铁路公司之间的中间人。

REC control lasted from 1914 to 1921 when it was returned to the private companies that had existed in 1914. The Railways Act 1921 led to the amalgamation of those companies into the “Big Four” companies from 1st Jan 1923.

REC的控制持续了从1914年到1921年，当时控制权被归还给1914年存在的私营公司。1921年的铁路法案导致这些公司合并成为“四大公司”，自1923年1月1日起生效。

Brian James Fretwell

They said that competition would put prices down, but they had closed lines that duplicated routes in the 1950 and 1960 so there was no real scope for competiton. That meant THAT didn’t work either.

他们曾经说过竞争会降低价格，但他们在20世纪50年代和60年代关闭了重复路线的铁路，因此并没有真正的竞争空间。这意味着这种做法也没有奏效。

David Chambers

What I often wonder is when British railways were being rebuilt after WW2 why were some mainlines such as the London - Glasgow and Crewe - Holyhead lines not rebuilt to the Berne loading gauge? This could have been accomplished with electrification of the former.

Otherwise there is much to be appreciated with British Railways such the development of mark 2 and mark 3 carriages. It was a pity that BR could not order Electro Motive diesels which would have revolutionised operations.

我常常想知道的是，二战后重建英国铁路时，为什么一些主干线如伦敦-格拉斯哥和克鲁-霍利黑德线没有按照伯尔尼限界进行重建呢？这可以通过对前者进行电气化来实现。 除此之外，英国铁路还有很多值得赞赏的地方，比如开发了二型和三型客车。可惜的是，英国铁路无法订购革命性的电力柴油机车。

Colin Riegels

You have to cast your mind back to the 1980s. Back then the UK government had enjoyed a lot of success with privatisation - it enabled them to sell off underperforming state assets to the private sector, who could run them better and more cheaply, and pay the Treasury for the privilege which funded tax cuts. The first few privatisations went very well indeed. The excerpt below is from the Harvard Business Review in 1992.[1]

你需要回到20世纪80年代。当时英国政府通过私有化取得了很多成功，这使他们能够将表现不佳的国有资产出售给私人部门，私人部门能够更好地运营这些资产，并支付给财政部门以获得特权，从而支持减税政策。前几次私有化非常成功。下面这段摘自1992年的哈佛商业评论。