十年后你会发现,天天寻衅滋事的特朗普其实最PEACE
《金融时报》4月10日刊登英国记者嘉南加内什文章《特朗普沉迷贸易反而有助于中美保持和平》
文:Janan Ganesh
译:Kris
一年前,美国总统唐纳德·特朗普终结了一个时代,一个世界两大强国相对礼让的时代。他对中国征收高额贸易关税,引发中国采取反制措施,而美国又采取了反反制措施,导致市场陷入慌乱,甚至有人耸人听闻地预言称新冷战一触即发。
根据目前的消息,休战的曙光已经出现。中美双方在华盛顿的讨论令人满怀希望。特朗普的经济顾问拉里·库德洛表示,距离达成协议已经“越来越近”。
用现在流行的表情包来说,这件事“变得还挺快啊”。为什么呢?原因很简单。中美达成协议将提振世界各地的经济情绪,它对即将于18个月后面临选举的特朗普而言是天赐良机,不容错过。因为这样一来,特朗普先生就可以在选民面前充分展现政治家风范,说自己将外国势力戏弄一番迫使对方让步,但又避免了持久的冲突。
不过,先别忙着为躲过第二次冷战而弹冠相庆,全世界应该思考另一种较为冷峻的可能性:在特朗普卸任之后,中美两国将迎来真正的终极对决。当下中美关系的破裂固然令人震惊,但未来回过头看恐怕现在如同伊甸园般美好。而特朗普这个今天被视为和平破坏者的人,未来可能会变成和平之友。
特朗普的个人风格十分好斗,这使人忽视了一点,他其实对中国并没有什么积怨。其实他不满的地方只有就一个:贸易。他坚信至少自上世纪90年代以来,在两国经济往来中,老实巴交的美国被中国给忽悠了。尽管这个抱怨长期存在、态度激烈、有时还夸大其词,但它终究只是一个抱怨。而且这个问题很实在,它具体到向手提包征收多少关税、允不允许技术转让等,也就是说它可以通过谈判解决掉。
在经济领域以外,特朗普并不比其他美国总统更提防中国。相反,由于强势政府更对特朗普胃口,恐怕他的警惕性还不如其他总统高。不管你如何看待特朗普对大豆出口量斤斤计较的重商主义——他认为只有傻瓜才接受经常账户逆差——这种对贸易的痴迷至少是有边界的。他对中美之间更广泛的思想冲突不感兴趣,因为他没什么思想。
在特朗普脑子里,只有一种他秉持了一辈子的固定观念:任何交易都有赢家和输家,美国已经当了太久的输家。
这么一来,特朗普对下面这些事情恐怕就兴趣不大,甚至根本没兴趣,比如:中国内政、亚洲盟国的不安全感、非洲国家为报答投资而给予中国的外交支持、不拉崛起大国“入伙”的国际机构有多大可行性,以及民主制与一党制为争夺21世纪主导权的意识形态较量。在接下来的几十年里,这些事情可能是导致中美反目的关键因素。但在特朗普任期内,它们都是次要问题,排在贸易后面。
换句话说,正因为特朗普这个人很狭隘,反而有助于抑制两个大国紧张关系升级。他把世界看作一个集市,操着各国语言的小贩在其中交易,核心目标是避免被他人占便宜。尽管这种世界观一点都不振奋人心,但它却将中美敌对关系限制在可谈判的经济领域,这有助于维护国际秩序。特朗普并不指望外国势力改变本性或放弃野心。
如果我们希望特朗普在全面领会“价值观”和国家利益的基础上施行更具扩张性的外交政策,就需要为此承担风险。未来我们恐怕终究会得出这样的结论。美国今后几乎不可能再出现一个像特朗普一样只对经济偏执痴狂的总统。特朗普看待地缘政治的眼光很像企业总裁、财务官甚至会计,具有很大的局限性。
哪怕就在刚刚过去的2018年,如果有人提出“对华鸽派特朗普”的说法,旁人必然认为这纯属是标新立异。但等到今年年底,这种提法恐怕只能说是“略带颠覆性”了。中美贸易谈判效率极高,这说明特朗普真正关心的就是贸易协议。而他的继任者心思多半会复杂许多。
直到现在,人们还自我安慰地将特朗普视为宁静之前最后的风暴,认为他会破坏中美关系,而未来的接班人则会与中国重修旧好。但也许恰恰相反,通过打破禁忌展开中美对抗,特朗普的行动可能会鼓励继任者把对中国的各种积怨发泄到贸易以外的其他领域。如果真的这样做,未来的人们将怀念今天在关税上小打小闹的美好时光。一个想法令我感到不安:莫非特朗普总统追逐物质与实利的卑微品性,竟能为维护和平发挥重要作用?
Trump's Trade Obsession Keeps the Peace with China
A year has passed since Donald Trump ended an era of relative comity between the two greatest powers in the world. The US president’s trade tariffs against China provoked countermeasures and counter-countermeasures that flustered markets and even inspired some lurid prognostications of a new cold war.
Now, we learn, a truce is in the offing. The two sides are in promising discussions in Washington. An agreement is “closer and closer”, reports Larry Kudlow, the economic adviser to Mr Trump.
Well that, to misquote the internet meme, de-escalated quickly. It is easy to see why. A US-China accord would perk up the economic mood all over the world, and that, for a president 18 months from an election, is an irresistible prize. Mr Trump could offer voters statesmanlike lustre after teasing concessions from a foreign power, without the pain of lasting conflict.
Before the world toasts the avoidance of a second cold war, though, consider a bleak alternative: the real showdown will occur after Mr Trump’s presidency. What we now see as a shocking rupture in US-China relations might come to seem a relative Eden. And the man we now see as a spoiler of the peace could be a friend of it.
Mr Trump’s belligerent style distracts from the fact that he has very few grievances with the other side. Essentially, he has just the one: trade. He believes that Beijing has played a guileless America like a fiddle in their economic dealings since at least the 1990s. It is an intense, long-held and sometimes exaggerated complaint. But it is just one complaint. And, being a practical matter, to do with handbag tariffs and technology transfer, it is possible to negotiate it away.
Beyond the economics, his wariness towards China is not obviously more pronounced than that of a generic US president. Given his taste for strong governments, perhaps it is less so. Say what you will about Mr Trump’s bean-counting mercantilism — his belief that current-account deficits are always and everywhere for suckers — it is at least a contained obsession. He is not interested in a wider clash of philosophies with China because he has no wider philosophy.
What Mr Trump has instead is his lifelong idée fixe: that any transaction has a winner and a loser, and America has lost for too long.
A list of subjects in which the president takes little or no interest, then, might include: Chinese internal affairs, the insecurity of US allies in Asia, the diplomatic favour of African countries as China invests all over their continent, the viability of international bodies in which a rising power has little stake, and the ideological tussle between democracy and one party rule for mastery of the 21st century. These are the things that are likely to set the two powers against each other in the coming decades. Under this presidency, they are all secondary to trade.
In other words, it is Mr Trump’s very narrowness that is keeping a lid on great-power tension. His view of the world as a kind of polyglot bazaar, in which the central goal is to avoid being ripped off, is hardly stirring. But it serves the international order by limiting US-China enmities to the negotiable realm of economics. He does not expect a foreign power to change its essential character or ambitions.
It is at our own peril that we wish for a more expansive Trumpian foreign policy, informed by “values” and a broader construal of the national interest. We are likely to find out one way or the other. It is improbable that the US will have another president with such an economic monomania. Mr Trump has not just a chief executive’s limited vision of geopolitics, but a chief financial officer’s, or even an accountant’s.
Mr Trump the China dove: as recently as 2018, this idea would have read like so much tryhard contrarianism. By the end of 2019, it might be just a mildly subversive proposition. The speed with which he appears to be reaching a trade pact with Beijing suggests that this is all he ultimately cares about. That is unlikely to be true of his successors.
Until now, it has been soothing to regard Mr Trump as the storm before the calm. He would disrupt US-China relations and future leaders would mend them again. But the opposite could be true. By breaking the taboo against confrontation, Mr Trump has emboldened successors with far wider-ranging grievances than trade to vent them. If they do, skirmishes over washing-machine tariffs would count as the good old days. An uneasy thought, is it not, that one of the president’s lowest qualities, his materialism, could be a force for peace.
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