苏德战争，却《乌克兰买单》——埃德加·斯诺1945年名作

美国记者埃德加·斯诺(1905-1972），是中国人民熟悉的老朋友。

他于1936年6月(时年31岁）抵达陕北苏区，采访中共高层领袖长达4个月，次年完稿出版的《西行漫记:红星照耀中国》是其代表作。

由此，他被建国后的毛泽东主席和周恩来总理称为中国人民的老朋友！

然而，他的其他足迹，中国人民就不大熟悉了。

今天着重介绍他的另一篇大作《乌克兰买单》，是埃德加·斯诺1945年1月访问乌克兰的报道，也是一篇名作，中国人民难得一见。

此时，埃德加·斯诺的身份是美国《星期六晚邮报》的战地记者，年龄40岁。

文章的发表版面

我们下面把该文英文文字打出来:

图片说明文字

A scene that has been re-enacted many times in many a liberated city and village of the Soviet Union: Rejoicing inhabitants pour out their gratitude to the troops who freed them.

译文：在苏联许多解放的城市和村庄，这一场景被多次重演：欢欣鼓舞的居民向解放他们的军队表达感激之情

The Ukraine Pays the Bill

乌克兰买单

By EDGAR SNOW     埃德加·斯诺

KIEV, THE UKRAINE.     乌克兰基辅报道

按语：

After an exhaustive per-sonal survey, a Post editor says the Ukraine has suffered more from Nazi pillage, needs more reconstruction,than  any other part of Europe. 

译文：

经过邮报编辑(桑干注: 指埃德加·斯诺本人）详尽的个人调查，乌克兰遭受纳粹劫掠后，比欧洲任何其他地区都更需要重建。

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正文部分：

WHEN I left the Soviet Union in 1943, most of the Ukraine was still in Nazi hands.  Since then, the whole valley of the Dnieper has been freed and Kiev itself, the ancient and picturesque citadel of the Southern Slavs, which was an outpost of European civilization a millennium ago, has been in Soviet hands more than a year.

译文：1943年我离开苏联时，乌克兰的大部分地区仍在纳粹手中。从那时起，整个第聂伯河流域，包括基辅，这座南方斯拉夫人古老而风景如画的城堡，千年的欧洲文明前哨，被解放回到苏联手中，已经一年多了。

（桑干注：纳粹德军攻占基辅的时间是1941年9月20日；斯诺是1942年10月从伊朗乘飞机✈️抵达莫斯科，后到苏联各地采访6个月，著有《战时苏联游记》，1943年4月斯诺离开苏联，经波兰等国至德国采访。等到苏军收复基辅，时间是已经1943年11月6日，到美国记者埃德加·斯诺再次到访的1945年1月，苏军已经重新掌控基辅1年零2个月）

Yet it was not till I came here on this sobering journey into the twilight of war that I quite realized the price which 40,000,000 Ukrainians have paid for Soviet victory. This whole titanic struggle,which some are so apt to dismiss as"the Russian glory”,has, in all truth and in many costly ways, been first of all a Ukrainian war. And greatest of this republic's sacrifices, one which can be assessed in no ordinary ledger, is the toll taken of human life.No fewer than 10,000,000 people, I was told by a high Ukrainian official here, have been "lost" to the Ukraine since the beginning of the war. That figure excludes men and women mobilized for the armed forces.

译文：

然而，直到我带着清醒的心情来到这里，我完全意识到，这已经是战争的黄昏之旅，4000万乌克兰人为苏联胜利而付出的代价。这场巨大的斗争，有些人很容易将其视为“俄罗斯的荣耀”，事实上，在许多方面，它首先是乌克兰的战争。这个共和国最伟大的牺牲，一种非同寻常的牺牲账本，是人类生命的损失。不只一位乌克兰高层告诉我，乌克兰战争以来，有1000万平民失去生命，这个数字不包括加入武装部队的男性和妇女。 

A relatively small part of the Russian Soviet Re-public itself was actually invaded, but the whole Ukraine, whose people were economically the most advanced and numerically the second largest in the Soviet Union, was devastated from the Carpathian frontier to the Donets and Don rivers,where Russia proper begins. No single European country has suffered deeper wounds to its cities, its industry, its farmlands and its humanity.

译文：

俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国本身，实际只有一小部分(桑干注:3%）受到了侵犯，但乌克兰却是整个(桑干注:100％），其人民在经济上是最先进的，在数量上在苏联排名第二。从喀尔巴阡山脉，到顿涅茨河和顿河的边境，那里才是俄罗斯本土的开始。没有一个欧洲国家遭受过比它更深的创伤，包括它的城市、工业、农田及其人民的生命。

We may have forgotten how large a role American engineers and machinery played in the industrializa-tion of this republic, but the Ukrainians have not. Today, they hope for equally important American industrial help in recovering from the catastrophe.The postwar Soviet market for American goods is to a major extent a Ukrainian market.In the same degree, the heaviest Soviet war claims against Germany are Ukrainian claims.And in the mind of every Soviet diplomat, when he talks about postwar Europe,is the

thought that this union's Ukrainian frontier must be flanked by such dependable structures of security that the cataclysm cannot be repeated.

译文：

我们可能已经忘记了美国工程师和机械在这个共和国工业化中发挥的作用，但是乌克兰人没有忘记。 今天，他们希望从美国获得与以前一样的重要工业援助，以从灾难中恢复过来。可以说，战后苏联对美国商品的需求市场主要是乌克兰市场。在相同程度上，苏联对德国最严厉的战争索赔也是乌克兰的索赔。在每个苏联外交官心目中，在谈到战后欧洲时，认为这个联盟的乌克兰边境必须是可靠的安全结构在侧，这场灾难不能重演。

Because of that, if for no other reason, we should become more familiar with the Ukruinian people,which has its own langunge and culture and history,older than and quite distinct from that of grent Russia. And possibly partly because of that also, I have found, dur-ing my visit here, an extraordinary spirit of cordiality and frankness, and an almost unique readiness to supply facts and figures where they seem available.

译文：

因此，如果没有其他原因，我们应该更加熟悉乌克兰人民。他们有自己的语言、文化和历史，比俄罗斯的历史更古老，并且与俄罗斯的历史有着明显的不同。也许有部分原因在于，在我访问这里时，我发现了一种非凡的亲切和坦率的精神，以及几乎独一无二的随时可以提供的事实和数据。

The rest of the U.S.S.R. is fifty times the size of the Ukraine, but formerly the latter accounted for about half the giant nation's key industry.  One distrct alone produced more pig iron and steel than Japan, Belgium, Italy and Poland taken together. Ukrainian mines supplied half the hard coal and three fourths of the coking coal for the entire Soviet Union. The Ukraine produced 62 per cent of Soviet iron ore, and its bauxite mines furnished 70 per cent of prewar Soviet aluminum.

译文：

苏联其他地区的面积是乌克兰的五十倍，但以前后者约占苏联一半的关键产业。一个乌克兰，生产的生铁和铜，就超过了日本、比利时、意大利和波兰的总和。乌克兰的煤矿，供应了整个苏联一半的硬煤和四分之三的焦煤。乌克兰还生产了苏联62%的铁矿石，其铝土矿占战前苏联的70%。

At Zaporozhe,on the Dnieper, Soviet engineers put into operation the largest electrical-power station in Europe.By 1941,Ukrainian electrical energy was twenty-four times greater than the amount developed in 1913, and the output of Ukrainian metalworking industries had increased thirty-four times.With the aid of 100,000 tractors,the well-stocked Ukrainian farms were highly mechanized.Ukrainian agriculture  was 99 per cent collectivized and it grew a fifth of the nation's wheat and more than a third of its sugar beets. Its farms were among the most prosperous  in Europe.

译文：

在第聂伯河上的扎波罗热，苏联工程师投入运行了欧洲最大的发电站。到1941年，乌克兰的发电量是1913年的24倍；乌克兰金属加工业的产量增长了34倍。随着10万台拖拉机的援助，储备充足的乌克兰人农场实现了高度机械化。乌克兰农业集体化达到99%，生产了全苏五分之一的小麦，和三分之一以上的糖用甜菜。它的农场是欧洲最繁荣的农场之一。

No wonder Hitler believed that if he could close his  fist over the black soil of the Ukraine he could force Russia to her knees. And if he had been allowed to take over all this muscle and power intact, then he might indeed have been far more successful.But as early as July 3,1941,Stalin decided to apply a scorched-earth policy where it proved impossible to carry means of production to the rear.

译文：

难怪希特勒相信，如果他能把他的拳头砸在乌克兰的黑土上，就可以强迫

俄罗斯跪下。如果他能完整接管这些肌肉和力量，那么他可能在事实上，取得更大的成功。但早在1941年7月3日，斯大林就决定实施焦土政策，针对那些事实证明不可能携带到后方的生产设施。 

Thus, with heavy heart, the Red army blew up the great Dnieprostroy power project in August,1941. A painful sigh spread over Russin, but it was a necessary act. It not only greatly delayed the Nazi advance but made it impossible for the enemy to operate the tre-mendous industrial complex around Dnepropetrovsk, just as similar sabotage rendered the rich Donets Basin practically useless to the invaders.

译文：

因此，怀着沉重的心情，红军于1941年8月炸毁了伟大的第聂伯斯特罗伊电力工程。痛苦的惋惜声甚至传遍俄罗斯，但这是一种必要的行为。这不仅大大延缓了纳粹的进攻，还使敌人无法运作第聂伯罗彼得罗夫斯克周围的庞大工业综合体，就像类似的破坏，使富饶的顿涅茨盆地让入侵者几乎毫无用处。

From other Ukrainian cities many thousands of tons of machinery were moved eastward, to become the nucleus of new plants set up in Siberia and Central Asia.In most cases, such machinery will remain where it is.Ukrainian leaders count little on it for direct re-placements-though, of course, some of it will repro-duce itself to help restore its former hearth and home.

译文：

成千上万吨的机器，从乌克兰其他城市向东移动，成为在西伯利亚和中亚建立新工厂的核心。但在大多数情况下，这些机器仍将留在原地，确实如此。乌克兰领导人几乎不指望它能直接重新安置，尽管当然，其中一些会自我改造，以帮助恢复以前的家园。

However, the more or less orderly evacuation of such vital movable machinery and the demolition of many key plants were only the beginning of the war's cost  to the Ukraine. Taken by surprise, the Red army had to withdraw histily and leave the greater part of the induatry behind.

译文：然而，这些重要可移动机械或多或少有序撤离和许多关键工厂的拆毁，只是乌克兰战争代价的开始。出乎意料的是，红军不得不历史性地撤退，身后留下大部分工业。

笔者注：以上英文，从报纸图片中誊录，中译文为本人翻译，水平有限，所译文字是否准确，不敢绝对保证，仅供爱好者参考。

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