阅读参考 关于美国 代号为“赤色传染”的推演,演习的相关资料
关于Crimson Contagion你所需要知道的一切
作者 Richard Xu3月19日,《纽约时报》一篇题为“Before VIrus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded”的报道,将去年美国国内的一场大型传染病防护演习带到了台前。这场演习的代号为“Crimson Contagion”(方便起见以下简称CC演习),直译为“深红色的感染病”(亦有外媒翻译为“赤色疫灾”),假想了一场起源于中国西藏,并随游客传入美国,易传染且高度致命的H7N9流感(Influenza)病毒造成的世界大流行疫情(Pandemic)。
《纽约时报》的报道中还附上了一份标注日期为2019年10月的演习总结报告(After-Action Report, AAR),这一时间信息不免让有些读者想到了风头正盛的“新冠美国起源论”。在本文中,我将向大家展示我在公共网络上搜索到的所有公开可查询的信息,结合这些信息,我相信大家应该能够对事件有正确的解读。
==========正文前的一些注意事项==========
我注意到有不少知友似乎混淆了CC演习与去年中国疾控中心主任高福院士受邀参加的传染病防护讨论,因此在正文开始之前特别说明一下两者的区别:CC演习是美国政府在其国内所组织的大范围传染病防护演习(Drill),背景设定为起源于中国的H7N9流感病毒;而高福院士受邀参与的、同样在去年举办的传染病防护“演习”的代号则是“Event 201”,是由约翰·霍普金斯大学、世界经济论坛和盖茨基金会组织,由开放慈善项目(Open Philanthropy Project)资助的世界传染病防护桌面推演(Tabletop Exercise, TTX),背景设定为起源于巴西的新型冠状病毒。顾名思义,桌面推演还是以开会的形式为主,并不涉及具体的实操;另外,CC演习在8月份之前的一系列准备活动中其实也安排了TTX。更多“Event 201”的相关信息可参见其官方网站:Event 201
另外,《纽约时报》可能并不是第一家获取到这份AAR的媒体,早在2019年12月6日,生物防御博客Pandora Report的一篇博文就详细报道了Crimson Contagion演习总结(见本文末),且其总结的内容的详细程度远超其他公开资料(仅次于《纽约时报》公开的AAR报告原文,特别是其中博客文章中提到的六点Key Finding与AAR报告完全重合),在博文的末尾还写道“A final report with greater detail of the after-action review of the Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise is forthcoming. Stay tuned.”尽管该博客最后并未刊出这份报告,但是一个合理的猜测是该博客的作者在当时同样获取了AAR报告原文但因种种原因最终并未选择公开。
以下几个缩写将会在后文频繁使用,因此特别先说明一下:
HHS:Department of Health and Human Services, 美国卫生与公众服务部,本次演习的主导部门
CDC:Centers for Deisease Control and Prevention,美国疾病控制与预防中心,隶属于HHS
ASPR:(Office of) Assistant Secretary of Preparedness,预防和响应助理部长(办公室),隶属于HHS(后文ASPR指代个人时为助理部长本人,指代机构时为助理部长办公室),本次演习的具体负责人/机构
=========正文开始=========
1 CC演习事件的筹备与时间线
值得注意的是,CC演习至迟在2018年11月就已经确定名称并被提上日程(特别注意下文的Update一词):
Agenda Wednesday, November 14, 2018
Government Coordinating Council Updates National Biodefense Strategy Critical Infrastructure Goal BARDA DRIVe initiative and DARPA partnership HPH Sector Critical Functions Identification ASPR RISC toolkit launch Crimson Contagion Exercise Update FDA Drug Shortage Task Force
这份文件是CIPAC(Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council, 关键基础设施伙伴关系咨询委员会)医护与公共卫生组(Healthcare and Public Health Sector)联席领导协调会议(Joint Council Leadership Coordination Meeting)2018年11月14日的会议流程。CIPAC隶属于CISA(Cybersecurity and Infrasturcture Security Agency,网络安全与基础设施安全局),CISA是独立的联邦机构但受DHS(Department of Homeland Security,国土安全部)监管。
实际上,Crimson Contagion既是横跨2019年1月至8月的一系列共四次活动的统称,也常被用于特指8月份第四次实操演习。这四次活动分别是:(来源为芝加哥市卫生部宣传文案和AAR报告原文)
(1)2019年1月23日至24日:HHS内部传染病世界大流行疫情桌面推演(Internal HHS Pandemic Influenza Tabletop Exercise, (TTX)),参与者:HHS内部工作人员
(2)2019年4月10日:芝加哥市与伊利诺伊州传染病世界大流行疫情桌面推演(Chicago and Illinois Pandemic Influenza TTX),参与者:芝加哥市、伊利诺伊州及其它“第5区”(包括伊利诺伊州、印第安纳州、俄亥俄州、密歇根州、明尼苏达州和威斯康星州)联邦机构相关人员
(3)2019年5月14日至15日:联邦跨机构研讨会(Federal Interagency Seminar),参与者:NSC(National Security Council, 美国国家安全委员会),其它联邦机构工作人员,参与第四部分演习的各州相关人员
(4)2019年8月13日至15日:Crimson Contagion 2019 功能演习(Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise (FE)),参与者:联邦、各州及基层相关机构、私营企业和非政府组织
根据AAR报告的描述,考虑到HHS在2009年流感大流行疫情和埃博拉病毒与寨卡病毒爆发时的表现,本次演习着重演练需要由HHS(而非DHS或FEMA(Federal Emergency Management Agency,联邦紧急事务管理局,隶属于DHS))主导的事件发生时,各级部门和其他社会主体的响应结构、信息交换、资源协调和政策决定等。这一系列活动由HHS/ASPR/PDAS/E2A2 Division开发设计。(PDAS=(Office of) Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary,常务副助理部长(办公室);E2A2=Exercise, Evaluation and After Action Division,演习、评估与总结小组)
2 CC演习的大规模传染病事件背景设定
(本节内容来自后文所述公开材料并加以综合,故不再单独给出参考链接,如需原始文件请参考后文亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州官方网站)
2.1 设定综述(短版,参见AAR第13页表格;长版参见AAR第8-10页)
一场起源于中国的大规模新型流感(H7N9)迅速扩散到了美国,第一名患者在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市确诊,且病毒正通过人传人的方式迅速传播至美国的其它城市。现有的H7N9疫苗与该病毒不匹配,但可用于初步免疫接种(can be used as a priming dose,此处翻译不确定,欢迎医学生同学纠错)。该病毒可使用神经氨酸酶抑制剂类药物治疗,而金刚烷类抗病毒药物则表现欠佳。
2.2 视频简介
如下12分钟的视频提供了传染病事件的背景总结和截至演习开始日期(2019年8月13日)前的一些关键活动和决定:
Pre-Exercise Scenario Situational Update Video
2.3 时间线(不同的背景描述间有微小时间差异,此处以AAR为准并结合我的判断)
2019年6月12日至19日 在参加“走进拉萨”八日游期间,35名来自美国和其它各国的游客开始出现发烧和呼吸不畅的症状。该旅游线路是夏季热门线路,每天都有无数新的旅行团来到拉萨,他们往往在拉萨停留三天,参观大昭寺、布达拉宫和城外的市场,这些市场不仅贩售当地的手工制品,同时也出售活的羊、鸡、鸭、鹌鹑、猪等畜禽。
2019年6月下旬 游客的症状较轻微,因此在没有警示空乘人员和其它游客的情况下,部分游客乘坐飞机回国。同时,拉萨及西藏周边地区的呼吸道疾病患者激增。中国CDC在两名西藏人民医院住院患者身上提取的血样显示甲型流感阳性且排除H1或H3型的可能。
2019年6月23日 中国CDC在北京的三名严重肺炎病例(分住在两个医院)身上提取的血样显示为(新型)H7N9流感病毒,且与先前西藏人民医院的两例患者相同。中国CDC开始调查这些病例的密切接触者。
2019年6月24日 中国CDC向WHO汇报了五例感染H7N9的严重肺炎患者。同日,一名居住在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市的52岁男性因头痛、发烧、咳嗽前往医院就诊,医生建议其居家休息。
2019年6月25日 当天清晨911接到该男子电话并将其送往急救室,随后确诊为严重肺炎;同时,该男子的五名亲属中有三人出现了相似的症状。
2019年6月26日 CDC流感分部确诊该男子为美国首例(新型)H7N9患者,在了解其行程后,对与其同乘6月19日东京飞芝加哥航班的旅客开展调查,其中部分乘客也出现了类似症状,包括纽约哥伦比亚大学的两名工作人员、匹兹堡一人和芝加哥一名60岁的女性。CDC向健康警示网络(HAN, Health Alert Network)通报美国首例确诊和中国已有五例确诊。CDC建议大众参考2017年版社区抗疫指导原则。CDC旅行健康分部发出3级旅行健康警示:不建议前往西藏或其它已有确诊病例的中国城市。
2019年6月27日 CDC紧急指挥中心开启3级准备。CDC实验室测序结果表明该H7N9病毒是一种全新的重配甲型流感,其中包含有禽、猪、人的甲型流感病毒基因片段。
2019年6月28日 HHS部长指挥中心开启24小时运作。HHS召开流感风险管理紧集会议,决定开放库存的单价H7N9疫苗辅以佐剂用于初步免疫接种并研究制定开发针对该新型病毒的疫苗的计划。CDC被要求根据ACIP的建议开展疫苗分发和应用计划并尽快报告(ACIP=Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices,免疫接种咨询委员会)。CDC发布抗病毒治疗建议:对所有患有疑似或确诊流感症状的病人可采用神经氨酸酶抑制剂类药物进行初步治疗。CDC更新并发布了控制传染的建议和策略信息,特别针对医院和医护人员。CDC通过各种渠道提醒各级公共卫生部门官员参考2017年版社区抗疫指导原则中关于如何用非医学干预手段应对潜在的严重传染病的内容。
2019年6月29日 CDC向航空公司发送指南指导如何应对患病乘客,并在所有机场展示相关信息。
2019年6月30日 CDC在宾夕法尼亚州、伊利诺伊州和亚利桑那州的住院患者中确诊新的H7N9病例。中国CDC在New England Journal of Medicine(NEJM,新英格兰医学杂志)上发表文章,描述了北京10名病例的临床特点和H7N9病毒的特征。
2019年7月1日 中国CDC已经向WHO报告了40例H7N9病例,分布在西藏、北京、上海和广州。WHO基于H7N9的确诊病例,以及在五个国家(美国、中国、泰国、英国和澳大利亚)出现的人传人现象,将其定性为PHEIC(Public Health Emergency of International Concern,国际关注的突发公共卫生紧集事件)并发出世界大流行预警(Pandemic Alert)。CDC公布临时社区抗疫指南以减缓H7N9在美国被感染社区中的传播。临时指南建议采取2017版社区抗疫指导原则中所有应对严重传染病的手段,包括在H7N9确诊病例所在区域关闭学校或推迟K-12学校开学,取消大型公众集会(特别是有大量儿童聚集的活动),并要求其它尚未确诊病例的地区做好采取类似措施的准备。CDC旅行健康分部再次发出3级旅行健康提示:不建议前往已有确诊病例的国家中受影响的地区。
2019年7月3日 芝加哥新增10名病例,其中6人住院,且已有2人死亡。
2019年7月7日 HHS部长宣布进入公共卫生紧集状态。医疗机构和普通大众对呼吸防护装置的需求飙升。CDC开始收到N95口罩紧缺的报告,开始动员HIDA、ISEA和SNS评估美国境内的呼吸防护装置的数量和生产能力。(HIDA=Health Industry Distributors Association,卫生行业分销商协会;ISEA=International Safety Equipment Association,国际安全设备协会;SNS=Strategic National Stockpile,应急药品国家战略储备)
2019年7月16日 CDC在NEJM发表文章介绍美国2019H7N9的早期传染病学研究。
2019年7月25日 20个国家向WHO报告了总计6225例病例,其中美洲3032例,欧洲660例,地中海东部(西亚、中亚、北亚?)152例,东南亚(包括中国?)594例,西太平洋(南亚、非洲?)1787例。基于此,WHO确认H7N9流感已构成世界大流行疫情。CDC根据2017年社区抗疫指导原则中应对严重至非常严重的世界大流行传染病的内容,更新了针对世界大流行传染病的社区抗疫指南。由于目前学校在放暑假,指南建议全国所有学校推迟开学至少两周(至8月中旬)以获得充足时间来评估传染病的严重程度和制定综合性传染病疫苗策略。更新的指南还建议已有确诊病例的地区应推迟开学六周,以缓和当地的医疗护理需求。
2019年7月27日 15%的SNS库存抗病毒药品被按比例分发给各卫生部门。ACIP一致同意,在研发出新病毒疫苗前,利用库存的单价H7N9疫苗辅以佐剂用于初步免疫接种。CDC召开新闻发布会介绍ACIP的决定。
2019年7月28日 CDC将在8月1日启动“Flu On Call”以缓解医疗机构的需求并帮助病人获取抗病毒药物。CDC的MedFinder和Vaccine Finder上线帮助病人找到有抗病毒药物或疫苗的医疗机构或药房。PPE分销商、ISEA和HIDA报告说,由于需求飙升,制造商无法满足目前医疗机构对于N95口罩的需求(PPE=Personal Protective Equipment,个人防护设备) 。基于所有年龄段都是H7N9流感的易感人群,且所有年龄段都已出现死亡病例,CDC通告自7月29日起将停止研发季节性流感疫苗。
2019年7月29日 HHS部长决定停止研发季节性流感疫苗。AARP召开新闻发布会批评了这一决定,并声称政府短视地停止季节性流感疫苗研究的行为将会损害老年人、其它高危人群和医护人员。(AARP=American Association of Retired People,美国退休人士协会)
2019年8月12日 CDC报告美国现有12100例患者,而世界范围内则有超过18000例患者。美国受影响最大的城市是芝加哥,目前有1200患者,而在芝加哥之外的伊利诺伊州还有1300名患者;其它较严重的州包括纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州和亚利桑那州,预计在这些州中将会有35%的居民将无法开展工作,美国的经济损失将超过两千亿美元。流行病学家认为目前H7N9的杀伤力已远超季节性流感并逼近1918流感世界大流行,并预计流感将在9月份在全世界达到顶峰,预计最高峰时有两千万至三千五百万人会感染得病。
2019年8月13日 演习起始日,距离首例病患确诊过去了47天,总统宣布进入国家紧急状态
3 CC演习前期培训和实际演习中的资料
3.1 联邦政府各部门
3.1.1 2019年5月7-8日CDC BSC/OID(Board of Scientific Counselor/Office of Infectious Diseases, 科学顾问委员会/传染病办公室)会议纪要
An HHS pandemic influenza exercise called Crimson Contagion involved tabletop exercises with a federal focus (in January) and a state/local focus (in April). Two additional events are scheduled: an interagency seminar on May 14–15 and a functional exercise on August 13– 16.
名为“深红色传染”的HHS大流行性流感演习涉及桌面演习,其中包括联邦重点演习(1月)和州/地方重点演习(4月)。另外还有两项活动:5月14日至15日的机构间研讨会和8月13日至16日的职能演习。3.1.2 2019年6月26-27日CDC ACIP(Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice, 免疫接种咨询委员会)会议纪要
In addition, CDC is participating in Crimson Contagion, which is an HHS exercise series focused on pandemic influenza with HHS as the lead federal agency. This is a series designed to examine information exchange, coordination of resources, and policy decisions in a pandemic influenza scenario. In addition to the series of exercises, Crimson Contagion culminates in a multi-state, multi-agency functional exercise August 13-16, 2019 to examine the local, state, and federal response to an established pandemic that is in the acceleration phase of a dynamic response. The belief continues to exist that pandemic influenza remains a high risk for the US and globally. These exercises help to refine response approaches and enhance preparedness.
此外,疾病预防控制中心还参与了“深红色传染”活动,这是一个以美国卫生部为主导的联邦机构的针对大流行性流感的健康服务系列活动。这是一个系列,旨在检查在大流行性流感情景下的信息交流、资源协调和政策决策。除了这一系列演习外,深红色传染病在2019年8月13日至16日的多州、多机构职能演习中达到高潮,以检查当地、州和联邦对处于动态反应加速阶段的既定流行病的反应。人们仍然相信,大流行性流感对美国和全球来说仍然是一个高风险。这些演习有助于改进应对办法和加强准备工作。
3.1.3 ASPR下发给私营企业有关CC演习的Fact Sheet
The Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise, henceforth referred to as “Crimson Contagion 19 FE,” is part four of a four part exercise series hosted by the Department of Health and Human Services/Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. The exercise will be a multi-state, whole of government and community effort focused on the response and policy issues of workforce viability, critical infrastructure protection, economic impact, social distancing, scarce resource allocation, prioritization of vaccines and other countermeasures, and medical surge operations. The Crimson Contagion 19 FE will afford all partners the opportunity to exercise information exchange, coordination of resources, and policy decisions in an environment in which the Department of Health and Human Services is the lead federal agency in accordance with the Biological Incident Annex and the Pandemic Crisis Action Plan. The exercise will be conducted from August 13 – 16, 2019 at multiple locations across the U.S.- Calls will conducted as mini tabletop exercises incorporated into the overarching functional exercise, and will make up the majority of private sector play. - Please note, you may also receive outreach from your regional, state, or local government partners requesting that you participate in Crimson Contagion 19. You are welcome to participate with these partners in addition to the Private Sector Coordination Calls. Daily Schedule of Play Day | Time of Call | Discussion Topic Tuesday, August 13 | 1500 – 1630 EDT | Supply Chain Wednesday, August 14 | 1500 – 1630 EDT | Communication and Situational Awareness Thursday, August 15 | 1500 – 1630 EDT | Sector Interdependencies Friday, August 16 | 1500 – 1630 EDT | Workforce ProtectionPlay for private sector partners will be conducted virtually, with one Private Sector Coordination Call held daily for each of the four days of exercise play. Discussion topics for each call will align with the focus areas of the Crimson Contagion 19 FE. Key discussion points from each call will be incorporated into overall exercise play, and key overall exercise injects will be incorporated into Private Sector Coordination Calls.
2019年“克里姆森传染病”功能演习,以下简称为“克里姆森传染病19 FE”,是由卫生和公众服务部/应急助理秘书办公室主办的四部分演习系列的第四部分。这次演习将是一次多国、政府和社区的整体努力,重点是应对和政策问题,包括劳动力的生存能力、关键的基础设施保护、经济影响、社会距离、稀缺资源的分配、疫苗和其他对策的优先次序以及医疗应急行动。根据《生物事件附件》和《大流行病危机行动计划》,在卫生和公共服务部为联邦牵头机构的环境下,深红色传染病19号FE将为所有合作伙伴提供机会进行信息交流、资源协调和决策。演习将于2019年8月13日至16日在美国多个地点进行。演习将作为小型桌面演习纳入总体功能演习,并将占私营部门演习的大部分。-请注意,您也可能会收到您的地区、州或地方政府合作伙伴的外展活动,要求您参与19号深红色传染病。除私营部门的协调电话外,欢迎你与这些伙伴一起参加。每日游戏日程|通话时间|讨论主题周二,8月13日| 1500–1630美国东部时间|供应链周三,8月14日| 1500–1630美国东部时间|通信和情景感知周四,8月15日| 1500–1630美国东部时间|行业相互依赖周五,8月16日| 1500–1630美国东部时间|私营部门的劳动力保护游戏实际上,将开展合作伙伴活动,在为期四天的演习中,每天举行一次私营部门协调电话会议。每次通话的讨论主题都将与《深红色传染病》19FE的重点领域保持一致。每次通话的关键讨论点将纳入整体演练,关键整体演练注入将纳入私营部门协调通话。
3.2 亚利桑那州(Arizona)
3.2.1 亚利桑那州官方演习信息公开网站
网站内容包括:疫情传播时间线(Timeline)、媒体报道时间线(Media Timeline)、传染病数据(Epidemiological Data)以及其它相关资源(Resources)等。
3.2.2 The Cocopah Indian Tribe参与CC演习的视频资料(YouTube):
Day 1: Cocopah Participates in Crimson Contagion EXERCISE
Day 4 Cocopah EOC Activated for Crimson Contagion EXERCISE
Crimson Contagion 2019 EXERCISE Wrap Up
3.2.3 Yuma County卫生部门邮件列表中涉及CC演习的消息:
3.3. 新墨西哥州(New Mexico)
3.3.1 新墨西哥州官方演习信息公开网站
网站内容包括:参考文档及计划(密码保护无法访问)、Player/Observer所需材料、Controller/Evaluator所需材料等。
3.4 纽约州(New York)
3.4.1 纽约州卫生部(Department of Helath)结合CC演习,在州内开展IOC演习的在线说明会通知 及在线说明会PPT (7月23日和7月30日各一场)
The New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH) will be conducting a Statewide Interoperable Communications (IOC) drill the week of August 12-16, 2019. The drill is being conducted in conjunction with a Federal exercise sponsored by CDC and HHS entitled Crimson Contagion.
纽约州卫生部(NYS DOH)将于2019年8月12日至16日这一周进行全州可互操作通信(IOC)演习。这次演习是与疾病预防控制中心和美国卫生服务部赞助的题为“红色传染”的联邦演习同时进行的。
3.5 其它各州参与演习的相关文件
3.5.1 伊利诺伊州(Illinois):2020年3月4日州公共卫生部(Illinois Department of Public Health)部长Ngozi O. Ezike对众议院国土安全委员会(Homeland Security Committee)就“伊利诺伊州抗击新型冠状病毒形势”所作的证言
3.5.2 南卡罗莱纳州(South Carolina):2019年7月23日州众议院立法监督委员会医护与监管小组会议纪要
3.5.3 康涅狄格州(Connecticut):2019年10月23日签署的州紧急服务和公众保护部(Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection)2019-2021年训练与演习计划(Multi-year Training and Exercise Plan)
3.5.4 马萨诸塞州(Massachusetts):2019年10月富兰克林县议会新闻
(此外还能找到一些其它非政府组织、私营业主或在前述其它州的基层公共部门提及该演习的文件,在此暂且略去。)
4 CC演习结束后的资料
4.1. 联邦机关在演习结束后的总结和反馈
4.1.1 2019年12月3日NBSB(National Biodefense Scientific Board,直译“国家生物防御科学委员会”,是向ASPR提供建议和指导的顾问委员会)公开会议上ASPR演习、评估和总结小组(Division of Exercise, Evaluation and After Action, E2A2)演习负责人(Exercise Branch Chief) William (Mike) Moore所作的题为“After Action Review for HHS Crimson Contagion, 2019 National Level Exercise ”的展示
(结合标题和内容,可以看出该展示的主要内容都来自《纽约时报》所公开的那份AAR)
Mr. Mike Moore, Exercise Branch Chief in the ASPR Division of Exercise, Evaluation, and After Action (E2A2), provide an overview and summary of the after-action review for the 2019 Crimson Contagion exercise. Crimson Contagion was an HHS National Level Exercise, involving multiple federal agencies, state agencies, and major hospitals to test the ability of the U.S. government to respond to a devastating influenza pandemic. There were a number of lessons learned, and areas for exploration and improvement identified, including promotion of timely and effective vaccine development and procurement of other medical countermeasures. Delays in this funding can result in delays in vaccine availability. In the event of a pandemic, it will also be important to ensure that global manufacturing capacity is sufficient to meet global demandregarding medical supplies and raw materials.Abstracts of Presentations After Action Review of Crimson Contagion, 2019 National Level Exercise – William (Mike) Moore, MEP, Exercise Branch Chief, E2A2, ASPR. Crimson Contagion was a national-level, multi-level exercise using a novel and highly lethal, naturally occurring strain of influenza A to evaluate pandemic preparedness across the federal government and the capacity for effective federal coordination with state and local stakeholders. The full exercise series included a number of preparatory events among HHS internal staff, among federal agencies, and with state, county, and hospital partners from January 23 to May 15; and a relocation (continuity of operations) exercise in the National Capital Region for HHS senior leaders on July 24. The exercise series culminated with a functional exercise August 13-16, 2019, which involved 35 federal, state, and local entities to examine cross-cutting strategies for operational coordination and communications, stabilization and restoration of critical lifelines, national security, public health response to a biological threat, and continuity of operations. Through collection of data and observations from participating stakeholders, the E2A2 staff developed 22 interim “key findings.” At the over-arching, strategic level, the exercise evaluation team observed that initiating vaccine development and procuring other medical countermeasures may benefit from immediate, additional appropriations to mitigate delays in vaccine deployment and to ensure competitive procurement of medical supplies from the limited stock available among national and international vendors. United States domestic manufacturing capacity and/or raw materials for pandemic influenza medical countermeasures is another area for further exploration and improvement. In the event of a pandemic, it will be important to ensure that global manufacturing capacity is sufficient to meet global demand regarding medical supplies and raw materials.
ASPR演习、评估和行动后部门(E2A2)演习科科长迈克·摩尔先生概述和总结了2019年克里姆森传染病演习的行动后审查。克里姆森传染病是美国卫生与公众服务部(HHS)的一项国家级演习,涉及多个联邦机构、州机构和主要医院,以测试美国政府应对毁灭性流感大流行的能力。总结了一些经验教训,确定了需要探索和改进的领域,包括促进及时有效地开发疫苗和采购其他医疗对策。这种资金的延迟可能导致疫苗供应的延迟。在大流行的情况下,确保全球制造能力足以满足全球需求的医疗用品和原材料也是很重要的。2019年国家级演习《克里姆森传染病行动回顾》演讲摘要——William(Mike)Moore,MEP,演习部门主管,E2A2,ASPR。深红色传染病是一项国家一级、多层次的活动,利用一种新型的、致命性很强的、自然发生的甲型流感病毒株,评估整个联邦政府的大流行防备情况以及联邦与州和地方利益攸关方有效协调的能力。整个演习系列包括1月23日至5月15日在卫生部内部工作人员、联邦机构以及州、县和医院合作伙伴之间举行的一些筹备活动;以及7月24日在国家首都地区为卫生部高级领导人举行的搬迁(连续行动)演习。演习系列以2019年8月13日至16日的功能演习为高潮,该演习涉及35个联邦、州和地方实体,以审查贯穿各领域的战略,包括行动协调和通信、稳定和恢复重要生命线、国家安全、应对生物威胁的公共卫生和连续性关于行动。通过收集参与的利益相关者的数据和观察结果,E2A2工作人员制定了22项临时“关键发现”。在总体战略层面,演习评估小组发现,启动疫苗研发和采购其他医疗对策可能会从立即的行动中受益,追加批款,以减少疫苗部署的延误,并确保从国家和国际供应商有限的库存中竞争性地采购医疗用品。美国国内大流行性流感医疗对策的制造能力和/或原材料是另一个有待进一步探索和改进的领域。一旦发生大流行病,必须确保全球制造能力足以满足全球对医疗用品和原材料的需求
4.1.2 2019年12月4日ASPR Robert Kadlec对众议院能源与商务委员会(Committe on Energy and Commerce)监督与调查小组(Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation)就“流感季节美国的公共卫生预防方案”所做的证言
Gaps in PreparednessTo identify potential gaps in preparedness and, where possible, make improvements, ASPR manages a robust exercise and evaluation process. Related to pandemic influenza, August 13-16, 2019, ASPR led the Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise (Crimson Contagion). Crimson Contagion exercised a nationwide pandemic influenza response, testing current plans, policies, and procedures, as well as the nation's core capability to respond. This exercise was the largest pandemic exercise to date and included 12 Federal departments/agencies, 12 states, 96 local jurisdictions, 24 Native American Tribes, 87 hospitals, and more than 100 private sector partners. The exercise found that, in the event of a pandemic: If vaccine development and procurement for medical countermeasures is needed above current capacity, additional funding would likely be required. The U.S. lacks sufficient domestic manufacturing capacity and/or raw materials for almost all pandemic influenza medical countermeasures, including vaccines and therapeutics, the needles and syringes needed to administer them, and personal protective equipment, including masks, needles, and syringes. Further, in a pandemic, global manufacturing capacity will likely not be sufficient to meet demand, resulting in an inability to import adequate quantities of medial countermeasures. To that point, supply chain issues are among the most significant challenges to preparing for an influenza pandemic as well as other infectious diseases. Today, we are dependent on receipt of active ingredients in America's pharmaceutical and over the counter drugs come from China and India; this dependency also extends beyond pharmaceuticals and includes auxiliary medical supplies such as syringes and gloves . This dramatic shift in the manufacture of medicines is very recent in origin. In the 1990s the U.S., Europe, and Japan manufactured ninety percent of the global supply of the key ingredients for the world's medicines and vitamins. Now, China is the largest global supplier. In a pandemic environment, this dependence could become a matter of national security, as we witnessed during the H1N1 pandemic of 2009. Countries with influenza vaccine manufacturing facilities restricted exports to satisfy their domestic requirements first.
准备工作中的差距为确定准备工作中的潜在差距,并在可能的情况下进行改进,ASPR管理一个稳健的演习和评估过程。与大流行性流感相关,2019年8月13日至16日,ASPR领导了2019年的Crimson传染功能锻炼(Crimson传染)。克里姆森传染病在全国范围内实施了大流行性流感应对措施,测试了当前的计划、政策和程序,以及国家的核心应对能力。这次演习是迄今为止规模最大的一次流行病演习,包括12个联邦部门/机构、12个州、96个地方管辖区、24个美洲土著部落、87家医院和100多个私营部门伙伴。这项工作发现,在大流行的情况下:·如果需要在现有能力之上开发和采购用于医疗对策的疫苗,则可能需要额外的资金。·美国缺乏足够的国内生产能力和/或原料,几乎所有的大流行性流感医疗对策,包括疫苗和治疗、注射所需的针头和注射器,以及个人防护设备,包括口罩、针头和注射器。此外,在大流行中,全球制造能力可能不足以满足需求,导致无法进口足够数量的医疗对策。在这一点上,供应链问题是应对流感大流行和其他传染病的最重大挑战之一。今天,我们依赖于美国药品中有效成分的接收,而非处方药来自中国和印度;这种依赖也不仅仅局限于药品,还包括注射器和手套等辅助医疗用品。药品生产的这种戏剧性的转变是最近才开始的。20世纪90年代,美国、欧洲和日本制造了全球90%的主要药物和维生素原料。现在,中国是全球最大的供应商。在大流行环境中,这种依赖可能成为国家安全问题,正如我们在2009年H1N1大流行期间所看到的那样。拥有流感疫苗生产设施的国家首先限制出口以满足其国内需求。
4.1.3 HHS2019年度报告
An unprecedented pandemic exercise: ASPR also led Crimson Contagion, the largest-ever exercise involving twelve federal departments/ agencies, twelve states, 96 local jurisdictions, 24 native American Tribes, 87 hospitals, and more than 100 private sector partners.
史无前例的大流行演习:ASPR还领导了Crimson传染病,这是有史以来规模最大的演习,涉及12个联邦部门/机构、12个州、96个地方司法管辖区、24个美洲土著部落、87家医院和100多个私营部门伙伴。
4.1.4 HHS公共卫生与社会服务应急基金(Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund)2021财年预算
The second continuity-based exercise for 2019 occurred in conjunction with the HHS-wide, influenza pandemic-themed, Crimson Contagion exercise. In August 2019, Operating and Staff Divisions participated from headquarters locations, via telework sites, from the continuity facility for the Office of the Secretary, and from HHS devolution sites. Continuity activities at the OS Continuity Facility featured implementation of activation, notification, and relocation procedures. Headquarters and Regional leadership also participated in a series of devolution discussions, communications tests, and an influenza pandemic-focused tabletop exercise, also known as “Determined Accord.” Specific devolution activities included a discussion of HHS's continuity and devolution expectations, functional roles, and existing gaps during an influenza pandemic and high-consequence, no-notice events. Lastly, HHS hosted the Determined Accord table top exercise with the Atlanta Federal Executive Board, which included over 50 participants from HHS, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of Labor (DOL), and General Services Administration (GSA).In FY 2019, CIP organized and led four partnership exercises to identify gaps and enhance response capabilities, with over 40 public and private sector organizations participating in the private sector complement to the Crimson Contagion National Level Exercise. Over 100 representatives from over 40 agencies, associations, organization, and facilities participated in each of the four daily calls throughout the Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise. The calls served as mini tabletop exercises that explored the impacts, challenges, and potential best practices during a severe pandemic influenza. There were rich, varied, conversations across each of the four days of play, discussing supply chain challenges, information sharing and communication mechanisms, sector interdependencies, and options to increase workforce protectionCrimson Contagion focused on the whole community response as well as issues around workforce viability; critical infrastructure protection; economic impact; non-pharmaceutical interventions; scarce resource allocation; prioritization of vaccines and other countermeasures; and medical surge operations. Organizations that participated in the Crimson Contagion functional exercise included local, state, and federal departments and agencies, as well as private-sector organizations and NGOs. At least one state from each of HHS' ten regions participated in the exercise; the participating states included Massachusetts (Region 1); New Hampshire (Region 1); Connecticut (Region 1); New York (Region 2); Pennsylvania (Region 3); South Carolina (Region 4); Illinois (Region 5); New Mexico (Region 6); Nebraska (Region 7); Colorado (Region 8); Arizona (Region 9); and Idaho (Region 10). The City of Chicago was also a key participant in the Crimson Contagion functional exercise.
2019年第二次以连续性为基础的演习是与卫生部范围内以流感大流行为主题的深红色传染病演习同时进行的。2019年8月,各业务司和工作人员司从总部地点、通过远程办公地点、秘书办公室的连续性设施和卫生和社会服务部的权力下放地点参加了会议。操作系统连续性设施的连续性活动包括激活、通知和重新定位程序的实施。总部和区域领导层还参加了一系列权力下放讨论、通信测试和一次以流感大流行为重点的桌面演习,也被称为“确定的协议”。具体的权力下放活动包括讨论卫生部的连续性和权力下放预期、职能作用,以及流感大流行期间存在的差距和高后果,未引起注意的事件。最后,卫生和公众服务部与亚特兰大联邦执行委员会共同主办了“确定协议”桌面演习,来自卫生和公众服务部、农业部(USDA)、劳工部(DOL)和总务管理局(GSA)的50多名参与者参加了演习。在2019财年,CIP组织并领导了四次合作演习,以确定差距并加强应对措施有40多个公共和私营部门组织参与私营部门的能力,是对国家一级的犯罪蔓延工作的补充。来自40多个机构、协会、组织和设施的100多名代表参加了2019年“红色传染病”功能演习期间的四个每日通话。这些呼吁作为小型桌面演习,探讨了严重流感大流行期间的影响、挑战和潜在的最佳做法。在四天的游戏中,每一天都有丰富、多样的对话,讨论供应链挑战、信息共享和沟通机制、部门相互依赖性、增加劳动力保护的选项克里姆森传染病,重点是整个社区的反应以及围绕劳动力生存能力的问题;关键基础设施保护;经济影响;非药物干预;稀缺资源分配;疫苗和其他对策的优先次序;以及医疗应急行动。参与“红色传染”职能活动的组织包括地方、州和联邦各部门和机构,以及私营部门组织和非政府组织。来自卫生部十个地区的至少一个州参加了演习;参加演习的州包括马萨诸塞州(地区1);新罕布什尔州(地区1);康涅狄格州(地区1);纽约州(地区2);宾夕法尼亚州(地区3);南卡罗来纳州(地区4);伊利诺伊州(地区5);新墨西哥州(地区6);内布拉斯加州(地区7);科罗拉多州(地区8);亚利桑那州(地区9);爱达荷州(地区10)。芝加哥市也是深红色传染功能锻炼的主要参与者。
4.2 各州在演习结束后的反馈和总结资料
4.2.1 亚利桑那州 AAR/IP(After-Action Report/Improvement Plan,演习总结及改进方案)(该资料所署时间为2019年10月31日,在2020年1月13日下发至Yuma County)
4.2.2 芝加哥市卫生部宣传文案(2019年9月18日)
Top 10 Successes 1. Majority of outcomes were achieved 2. Full Public Health Emergency Operations center (PHEOC) set up 3. Utilization of WebEOC 4. MORT activation 5. PPE deployment 6. Joint CDPH/IDPH press release 7. Liaisons: OEMC Liaison and HHS Liaisons 8. Non-pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing and school closures discussion 9. SNS request 10. Effective collaboration across CDPH: PHEP, HPP, PIO, Immunizations and Communicable DiseaseAreas of Improvement 1. Will continue improving collaboration2. Will continue improving PHEOC operations 3. Issues with communication 4. IT/technical issues 5. Continue improving situational awareness
十大成功案例1。大多数结果是2。全面建立公共卫生应急运行中心(PHEOC)3个。WebEOC 4的应用。MORT激活5。PPE部署6。CDPH/IDPH联合新闻稿7。联络人:OEMC联络人和HHS联络人8人。非药物干预,社会距离和学校关闭讨论9。SNS请求10。跨CDPH的有效协作:PHEP、HPP、PIO、免疫和传染病改善领域1。将继续改进协作2。将继续改进PHEOC运营3。沟通问题4。IT/技术问题5。继续提高态势感知
4.3 其它相关资料
4.3.1 2020年2月18日,ASPR Robert Kadlec在某论坛上有关新型冠状病毒的发言:
Under a pandemic scenario, "you probably would need some kind of fund that would be on the order of $10 billion," said Robert Kadlec, assistant secretary for preparedness and response at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.That estimate was based on a federal, state and local government "crimson contagion" preparedness exercise carried out last year, Kadlec said at a Feb. 18 forum in Washington hosted by the nonprofit Council on Foreign Relations.
美国卫生和公共服务部负责防备和应对的助理部长罗伯特·卡德莱克说,在大流行的情况下,“你可能需要一笔大约100亿美元的资金,”这一估计是基于一个联邦政府,卡德莱克2月18日在华盛顿举行的一个由非营利组织外交关系委员会(Council on Foreign Relations)主办的论坛上说,州和地方政府去年开展了“红色传染病”防备演习。
4.3.2 2019年12月6日Pandora Report关于Crimson Contagion的博客文章
Synopsis of the Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise After-Action Review
This week, the National Biodefense Science Board convened a meeting focusing on the after-action review of the Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise, a national level exercise series conducted to detect gaps in mechanisms, capabilities, plans, policies, and procedures in the event of a pandemic influenza. Current strategies include the Biological Incident Annex to the Response and Recovery Federal Interagency Operational Plans (2018), Pandemic Influenza Plan (2017 Update), Pandemic Crisis Action Plan Version 2.0, and CDC's Pandemic Influenza Appendix to the Biological Incident Annex of the CDC All-Hazard Plan (December 2017). These plans, updated over the last few years, were tested by the functional exercise with emphasis on the examination of strategic priorities set by the NSC. Specifically, examined priorities include operational coordination and communications, stabilization and restoration of critical lifelines, national security emergencies, public health emergencies, and continuity. The Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise included participation of almost 300 entities – 19 federal departments and agencies, 12 states, 15 tribal nations and pueblos, 74 local health departments and coalition regions, 87 hospitals, 40 private sector organizations, and 35 active operations centers. The scenario was a large-scale outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza, originating in China but swiftly spreading to the contiguous US with the first case detected in Chicago, Illinois. Continuous human-to-human transmission of the H7N9 virus encourages its spread across the country and, unfortunately, the stockpiles of H7N9 vaccines are not a match for the outbreak's strain; however, those vaccines are serviceable as a priming dose. Also, the strain of virus is susceptible to Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral medications. The exercise was intended to deal with a virus outbreak that starts overseas and migrates to the US with scant allocated resources for outbreak response and management, thereby forcing the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to include other agencies in the response. To do so, the exercise began 47 days after the identification of the first US case of H7N9 in Chicago, otherwise known as STARTEX conditions. Then, the HHS declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency (PHE), the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic, and the President of the United States declared a National Emergency under the National Emergencies Act. As was the case in the 1918 Great Influenza, transmissibility is high and cases are severe. At STARTEX, there are 2.1 million illnesses and 100 million forecasted illnesses as well as over half a million forecasted deaths. As the pandemic progresses along the epidemiological curve, the overarching foci of the federal-level response adjusts across four phases:
Operational coordination with public messaging and risk communicationSituational awareness, information sharing, and reportingFinancingContinuity of operationsThe outcome of the Crimson Contagion is that vaccine development is the silver bullet to such an outbreak, but there are complications beyond its formulation. Namely, the minimization of outbreak impact prior to vaccine development and dispersal, strategy for efficient dissemination of the vaccine across the country, allocation of personal protective equipment (PPE), and high expense of vaccine development and PPE acquisitions. The exercise concluded that HHS requires about $10 billion in additional funding immediately following the identification of a novel strain of pandemic influenza. The low inventory levels of PPE and other countermeasures are a result of insufficient domestic manufacturing in the US and a lack of raw materials maintained within US borders. Additionally, the exercise revealed six key findings:
Existing statutory authorities, policies, and fundingof HHS are insufficient for a federal response to an influenza pandemicCurrent planningfails to outline the organizational structure of the federal government response when HHS is the designated lead agency; planning also varies across local, state, territorial, tribal, and federal entitiesThere is a lack of clarity inoperational coordination regarding the roles and responsibility of agencies as well as in the coordination of information, guidance, and actions of federal agencies, state agencies, and the health sectorSituation assessment is inefficient and incomplete due to the lack of clear guidance on the information required and confusion in the distribution of recommended protocols and productsThe medical countermeasures supply chain and production capacity are currently insufficient to meet the needs of the country in the event of pandemic influenzaThere is clear dissemination of public health and responder information from the CDC, but confusion about school closures remainsA final report with greater detail of the after-action review of the Crimson Contagion 2019 Functional Exercise is forthcoming. Stay tuned
2019年红色传染病行动后功能锻炼综述
本周,美国国家生物防御科学委员会召开会议,重点讨论2019年克里姆森传染病功能演习的行动后审查,这是一个国家级演习系列,旨在发现在发生大流行性流感时在机制、能力、计划、政策和程序方面存在的差距。目前的战略包括《应对和恢复联邦机构间行动计划》生物事件附件(2018年)、《大流行性流感计划》(2017年更新)、《大流行性危机行动计划2.0版》和《疾病预防控制中心全危害计划》生物事件附件中的疾病预防控制中心大流行性流感附件(2017年12月)。这些计划在过去几年中得到了更新,经过了职能演习的检验,重点是审查国家安全委员会确定的战略优先事项。具体而言,审查的优先事项包括业务协调和通信、稳定和恢复重要生命线、国家安全紧急情况、公共卫生紧急情况和连续性。2019年的Crimson传染功能演习包括近300个实体的参与,其中包括19个联邦部门和机构、12个州、15个部落国家和普韦布洛人、74个地方卫生部门和联盟地区、87家医院、40个私营部门组织和35个现役行动中心。这种情况是H7N9禽流感大规模爆发,起源于中国,但迅速蔓延到邻近的美国,第一例病例在伊利诺伊州芝加哥被发现。H7N9病毒在人与人之间的持续传播鼓励了它在全国的传播,不幸的是,H7N9疫苗的库存与疫情的毒株并不匹配;然而,这些疫苗可作为一种起始剂量使用。此外,该病毒株对瑞沙和达菲抗病毒药物敏感。这次演习的目的是应对一场病毒爆发,该病毒爆发始于海外,并在分配给疫情应对和管理的资源不足的情况下迁移到美国,从而迫使卫生和人类服务部(HHS)将其他机构纳入应对范围。为了做到这一点,演习在美国芝加哥发现首例H7N9病例(又称STARTEX病症)47天后开始。随后,卫生部宣布疫情为公共卫生紧急情况(PHE),世界卫生组织(WHO)宣布大流行,美国总统根据《国家紧急情况法》宣布全国紧急情况。与1918年的大流感一样,传染性很高,病例也很严重。在STARTEX,有210万疾病和1亿预测疾病以及50多万预测死亡。随着大流行沿着流行病学曲线发展,联邦一级反应的主要焦点在四个阶段进行调整:
与公共信息和风险沟通的运营协调信息意识、信息共享和财务报告运营的连续性
这种深红色传染病的结果是,疫苗的研制是爆发这种疾病的灵丹妙药,但除了它的配方之外,还有一些并发症。即,在疫苗研制和传播之前尽量减少疫情影响,在全国范围内有效传播疫苗的战略,个人防护设备的配置,以及疫苗研制和个人防护设备购置的高费用。演习的结论是,在发现一种新的大流行性流感毒株后,卫生和公众服务需要立即追加大约100亿美元的资金。个人防护用品和其他应对措施的低库存水平是由于美国国内制造不足和美国境内缺乏原材料。此外,这项研究还揭示了六个关键发现:
现有的法定当局、政策和卫生部的资金不足以使联邦政府应对流感大流行的当前计划在卫生部是指定的牵头机构时无法概述联邦政府应对措施的组织结构;规划也因地方、州、地区、部落和联邦实体而异在机构的作用和责任以及联邦机构、州机构的信息、指导和行动的协调方面缺乏明确的操作协调,由于缺乏对所需信息的明确指导,推荐方案和产品的分配混乱,卫生部门的布局评估效率低下且不完整。医疗对策供应链和生产能力目前不足以满足国家在以下情况下的需求:大流行性流感疾病预防控制中心的公共卫生和急救信息得到了明确的传播,但对学校关闭的困惑仍然存在
最后的报告