独家 | 印度官员自白：我们成为印度唯一脱贫的邦，关键在共产党

维威克·帕拉特（Vivek Parat）

数据地缘政治与贸易战外交政策分析师

喀拉拉邦议会发言人兼任助理

【导读】2025年11月1日，印度喀拉拉邦宣布彻底消灭“极端贫困”。这一项目自2021年起，由印度共产党（马克思主义）主持推行，历经四年，宣告完成第一阶段目标，并将下一步努力方向瞄准经济增长与产业升级。喀拉拉邦由以印共（马）为主导的左翼联盟长期执政，坚持社会主义道路；今年9月，该党现任总书记巴比及其率领的高级代表团访问了中国。

本文作者是印度喀拉拉邦议会发言人兼任助理，他从政府内部视角，阐释了印共（马）政府主导调解阶级矛盾、实行土地改革、维护集体福祉的执政方向，如何促成了“消除极端贫困”项目的落地。建立针对家庭与个人的“微观干预”计划、动员基层妇女组织、协助政府官员入户调研，该项目的实施过程，充分证明了扶贫效果与国家治理能力的紧密联系。

虽然长期效果仍有待观察，喀拉拉邦“消灭极端贫困”的经验，已体现出与中国的“精准扶贫”运动遥相呼应之处。种姓与阶层混杂的社会现状，使印度的贫困问题进一步复杂化；在全国整体拥抱西方现代化治理模式的情况下，喀拉拉邦的社会主义经验向外推广，同样面临诸多挑战。这一探索收效如何，又能走到哪一步，值得我们长期关注。

本文由作者投稿，为文化纵横新媒体原创稿件，仅代表作者观点，供读者参考。

文化纵横新媒体·国际观察 

2025年第52期  总第272期

红旗唤醒的海岸：

印度喀拉拉邦彻底告别极端贫困

每一次伟大的变革都有其时代契机。“除非消除所有苦难，否则无人能安歇” 或许并非莎士比亚的名言，但任何伟大史诗的核心，都是克服人类阶级矛盾的无限决心。如今，我的家乡——印度南部的喀拉拉邦，就在我眼前谱写了这样一部史诗。身为一名马拉雅拉姆语作家与全球外交分析领域的密切观察者，在34岁这年，我意识到了这片土地的政治真相具有的深远意义——喀拉拉邦宣布彻底消除了极端贫困。这不仅让我倍感自豪，更对全球主流资本主义模式作出了有力回应。这一非凡成就印证了马克思主义的核心论点：贫困并非个人失败的结果，而是资本主义经济关系固有的结构性矛盾，唯有在坚定的集体福祉理念指引下，通过国家主导的果断干预才能解决。喀拉拉邦的成功向世界表明，凭借清晰意识形态驱动的持续的政治意愿，结合科学、分权的规划，能够快速化解根本性的经济矛盾。

尽管为这一成就奠定基础的历史早于我的童年，但这场植根于家乡的社会主义革命依旧令我振奋。印度独立后，其他地区大多采用右翼治理模式，而喀拉拉邦却走出了一条独特的社会主义道路。1957 年，由E. M. S. 南布迪里巴德，印度最杰出的共产主义理论家与强有力的领导人之一，领导的共产党内阁，成为世界上首个通过民主选举产生的共产党政府，创造了历史。印度共产党（马克思主义）（CPI (M)）的影响力源于农业和劳工领域的激烈阶级斗争，他们通过土地改革等决定性立法，将社会正义确立为国家权力的核心组成部分。此外，喀拉拉邦的识字率高达96.2%，民众对各类信息高度知情，这一社会基础，为 “分权式人民规划”（Decentralized People's Planning）创造了有利条件，确保了公民能够积极参与复杂的政府政策倡议。

对这一事业缘起的探讨具有重要意义。“消除极端贫困项目”是喀拉拉邦首席部长、印度共产党（马克思主义）政治局委员皮纳拉伊·维贾扬（Pinarayi Vijayan）同志领导的政府在首次内阁会议中确立的核心决策之一。这表明该目标是理论层面的优先事项，确保了资源和官方支持能立即在最高层面动员起来。在项目初期，我曾有幸在印度共产党（马克思主义）政治局委员 M.V. 戈文丹（M.V. Govindan Master）担任地方自治政府部长期间，担任其助理。作为科学治理的典范，这项政策从普惠性的福利制度，转向所谓的 “微观计划”（Micro Plan），也即针对性的个体干预。对“极端贫困” 的定义极为全面，综合了全球多维贫困指标、印度国家转型委员会（NITI Aayog）采用的指标以及喀拉拉邦特有的社会经济因素。喀拉拉邦地方行政学院（KILA）等学术机构为该项目提供了科学框架。为确保数据完整性，项目对大量收集的数据实施了强制性的 “超级核查”（Super Checking）。

该项目执行过程中最关键的因素，是对妇女集体“库杜姆巴什里” （Kudumbashree）的动员。库杜姆巴什里是亚洲最大的妇女自助集体，涵盖超过 450 万名女性，成为基层经济赋权和消除贫困的强大社会主义工具。库杜姆巴什里的工作人员与地方官员一同开展了细致的上门评估，为每个家庭制定了量身定制的微观计划，覆盖粮食安全、健康照护、住房条件以及权利凭证（译者注：entitlement documents，指个人为了获得政府或非政府组织提供的特定福利、补贴或服务而必须持有或申请的一系列官方文件）等四个关键贫困维度。此外，项目坚持阶级视角，针对在册种姓和在册部落等历史边缘化群体制定了特殊标准，将其极端的被压迫因素列为贫困的核心指标。

为了消除对这一成就的怀疑态度，政府构筑了坚固的事实“屏障”，确保了项目结构的完整度和透明度。在宣布消除了极端贫困之前，独立机构“社会审计协会”（Social Audit Society）进行了逐户核查，确认清单上的每个家庭都已成功脱贫。此外，领导层明确表示，此次脱贫并非 “最终判决”，而是一项 “持续进程的开端”。考虑到贫困的动态属性，政府在宣布脱贫的同时发布了《后续文件》（Continuation Document），详细阐述了持续监测和重新识别新的脆弱家庭的策略。作为来自喀拉拉邦的地缘政治外交观察员，我认为，在成功完成第一阶段社会福利任务后，该党如今的第二阶段目标是实现高速经济增长和产业升级。消除贫困的成就证明了社会主义政府的治理能力，这一能力现在将聚焦于生产性增长。在第二阶段发展中，维津贾姆港（Vizhinjam Port）等世界级基础设施项目将为喀拉拉邦的未来带来巨大利好。值得注意的是，在第二届皮纳拉伊政府任期内，产业升级的效率显著提升。一个能够运用政治意愿和科学治理消除贫困的政府，必然能实现堪称世界典范的产业增长。这一治理模式，如今正朝着可持续经济增长的目标迈进，它将集体福祉和社会正义视作治理成就的终极指标，为全世界提供了宝贵的示范。

A Shore Awakened by the Red Flag: 

Extreme Poverty Becomes History in Kerala, India

Every great change has its time. "There is no rest for any man until all his miseries are overcome" may not be a quote from Shakespeare. Nevertheless, the essence of any great epic is the boundless will to overcome human class contradictions. My home, the southern Indian state of Kerala, has now inscribed such an epic before my very eyes. As a Malayali writer and an individual closely observing the field of global diplomatic analysis, I, at the age of 34, recognize the political truth of this land as a profound experience. The declaration of the total eradication of extreme poverty here, beyond boosting my self-esteem, provides a strong counter-response to the prevailing global capitalist models. This extraordinary achievement validates the core Marxist thesis: that poverty is not a consequence of individual failure but a structural contradiction inherent to capitalist economic relations. It is resolvable only through decisive, state-led intervention guided by an unwavering commitment to collective welfare. Kerala’s success tells the world that sustained political will, driven by a clear ideology and combined with scientific, decentralized planning, can rapidly resolve fundamental economic contradictions.

As a 34-year-old, the history that laid the foundation for this achievement predates my childhood, yet the story of this socialist revolution rooted in my home state thrills me. While other parts of India largely adopted right-wing governance post-independence, Kerala forged its own distinct socialist path. In 1957, the Communist Ministry led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad, one of India’s most prominent Communist ideologues and powerful leaders, made history as the world’s first Communist government to be democratically elected through the ballot. The influence of the CPI(M) originated from powerful class struggles in the agrarian and labor sectors, which enshrined social justice as a fundamental component of state power through decisive legislation like land reforms. Furthermore, Kerala boasts an astoundingly high literacy rate of 96.2%. This highly informed social base created fertile ground for Decentralized People's Planning and ensured active citizen participation in complex governmental policy initiatives.

My observations regarding the genesis of this mission hold significant importance. The extreme poverty eradication project was declared as one of the very first cabinet decisions of the government led by Comrade Pinarayi Vijayan, the Chief Minister of Kerala and a Politburo Member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). This demonstrated that the objective was a theoretical priority, ensuring resources and official support were immediately mobilized at the highest level. During the initial phase of this mission, I had the opportunity to serve as an Assistant to Comrade M.V. Govindan Master, a Politburo Member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), during his tenure as the Minister for Local Self-Government. The shift from generic welfare schemes to targeted, individual interventions known as the Micro Plan is a prime example of scientific governance. The definition of "extreme poverty" was highly comprehensive, synthesizing global multidimensional poverty indicators, indicators used by India's NITI Aayog, and specific socio-economic factors unique to Kerala. Academic institutions like the Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA) provided the scientific framework for this project. To ensure data integrity, mandatory Super Checking was applied to a high percentage of the collected data.

The most critical factor in the execution of this project was the mobilization of the women's collective known as Kudumbashree. When presenting this model to the world, we must recognize that Kudumbashree is Asia’s largest women’s self-help collective, encompassing over 4.5 million women. This collective served as a powerful socialist instrument for grassroots economic empowerment and poverty eradication. Kudumbashree workers, alongside local officials, conducted painstaking door-to-door assessments. This led to the formation of individually tailored Micro Plans for each family, addressing four critical dimensions of deprivation: Food Security, Health and Care, Housing, and Entitlement Documents. Furthermore, by ensuring a class-based perspective, special criteria were applied to historically marginalized groups such as Scheduled Castes and Tribes, recognizing their extreme distress factors as core indicators of poverty.

In the face of those who viewed this achievement with skepticism, the government erected a fortress of facts. The administration ensured the structural integrity and transparency of the project. Before the declaration, the Social Audit Society, an independent institution, conducted a family-by-family verification to confirm that every household on the list had been successfully lifted out of extreme poverty. Moreover, the leadership clearly declared that this eradication was not a "final verdict" but the "beginning of a continuous process." Recognizing the dynamic nature of poverty, a Continuation Document detailing strategies for persistent monitoring and reidentifying newly vulnerable families was released alongside the declaration.As a Geo-political Diplomatic Observer from Kerala, my view is this: After successfully completing the first phase of social welfare, the Second Phase the Party now aims for is high economic growth and industrial advancement. The eradication of poverty proved the capacity of the socialist government; this capacity will now be focused on productive growth. In this second phase of development, world-class Infrastructure projects like the Vizhinjam Port will greatly benefit Kerala's future. It is notable that industrial advancement has gained greater efficiency during the tenure of the Second Pinarayi Government. A government that utilized political will and scientific governance to eradicate poverty can certainly bring about industrial growth that will serve as a model for the world. This model, where collective welfare and social justice are the ultimate measures of governance success, will now focus on the goal of sustainable economic growth, making it a Golden Lesson for the entire world.